Optimization of Material Contrast for Efficient FIB‐SEM Tomography of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Focused ion beam (FIB) – scanning electron microscopy (SEM) serial sectioning tomography has become an important tool for three‐dimensional microstructure reconstruction of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) to obtain an understanding of fabrication‐related effects and SOFC performance. By sequential FIB milling and SEM imaging a stack of cross‐section images across all functional SOFC layers was generated covering a large volume of 3.5·10$^{4}$ μm$^{3}$. One crucial step is image segmentation where regions with different image intensities are assigned to different material phases within the SOFC. To analyze all relevant SOFC materials, it was up to now mandatory to acquire several images by scanning the same region with different imaging parameters because sufficient material contrast could otherwise not be achieved. In this work we obtained high‐contast SEM images from a single scan to reconstract all functional SOFC layers consisting of a Ni/Y$_{2}$O$_{3}$‐doped ZrO$_{2}$ (YDZ) cermet anode, YDZ electrolyte and (La,Sr)MnO$_{3}$/YDZ cathode. This was possible by using different, simultaneous read‐out detectors installed in a state‐of‐the‐art scanning electron microscope. In addition, we used a deterministic approach for the optimization of imaging parameters by employing Monte Carlo simulations rather than trial‐and‐error tests. We also studied the effect of detection geometry, detecting angle range and detector type

Barycentric decomposition of quantum measurements in finite dimensions

We analyze the convex structure of the set of positive operator valued measures (POVMs) representing quantum measurements on a given finite dimensional quantum system, with outcomes in a given locally compact Hausdorff space. The extreme points of the convex set are operator valued measures concentrated on a finite set of k \le d^2 points of the outcome space, d< \infty being the dimension of the Hilbert space. We prove that for second countable outcome spaces any POVM admits a Choquet representation as the barycenter of the set of extreme points with respect to a suitable probability measure. In the general case, Krein-Milman theorem is invoked to represent POVMs as barycenters of a certain set of POVMs concentrated on k \le d^2 points of the outcome space.Comment: !5 pages, no figure

Permafrost degradation at two monitored palsa mires in north-west Finland

Palsas and peat plateaus are expected to disappear from many regions, including Finnish Lapland. However, detailed long-term monitoring data of the degradation process on palsas are scarce. Here, we present the results of the aerial photography time series analysis (1959–2021), annual real-time kinematic (RTK) GNSS and active layer monitoring (2007–2021), and annual unoccupied aerial system surveys (2016–2021) at two palsa sites (Peera and Laassaniemi, 68∘ N) located in north-west Finland. We analysed temporal trends of palsa degradation and their relation to climate using linear regression. At both sites, the decrease in palsa area by −77 % to −90 % since 1959 and height by −16 % to −49 % since 2007 indicate substantial permafrost degradation throughout the study periods. The area loss rates are mainly connected to winter air temperature changes at Peera and winter precipitation changes at Laassaniemi. The active layer thickness (ALT) has varied annually between 2007 and 2021 with no significant trend and is related mainly to the number of very warm days during summer, autumn rainfall of previous year, and snow depths at Peera. At Laassaniemi, the ALT is weakly related to climate and has been decreasing in the middle part of the palsa during the past 8 years despite the continuous decrease in palsa volume. Our findings imply that the ALT in the inner parts of palsas do not necessarily reflect the overall permafrost conditions and underline the importance of surface position monitoring alongside the active layer measurements. The results also showed a negative relationship between the ALT and snow cover onset, indicating the complexity of climate–permafrost feedbacks in palsa mires.</p

Variation of elastic scattering across a quantum well

The Drude scattering times of electrons in two subbands of a parabolic quantum well have been studied at constant electron sheet density and different positions of the electron distribution along the growth direction. The scattering times obtained by magnetotransport measurements decrease as the electrons are displaced towards the well edges, although the lowest-subband density increases. By comparing the measurements with calculations of the scattering times of a two-subband system, new information on the location of the relevant scatterers and the anisotropy of intersubband scattering is obtained. It is found that the scattering time of electrons in the lower subband depends sensitively on the position of the scatterers, which also explains the measured dependence of the scattering on the carrier density. The measurements indicate segregation of scatterers from the substrate side towards the quantum well during growth.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Anomalous magneto-oscillations in two-dimensional systems

The frequencies of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations have long been used to measure the unequal population of spin-split two-dimensional subbands in inversion asymmetric systems. We report self-consistent numerical calculations and experimental results which indicate that these oscillations are not simply related to the zero-magnetic-field spin-subband densities.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures; changed content (clarifications

Spectral Properties of Three Dimensional Layered Quantum Hall Systems

We investigate the spectral statistics of a network model for a three dimensional layered quantum Hall system numerically. The scaling of the quantity $J_0={1/2}$ is used to determine the critical exponent $\nu$ for several interlayer coupling strengths. Furthermore, we determine the level spacing distribution $P(s)$ as well as the spectral compressibility $\chi$ at criticality. We show that the tail of $P(s)$ decays as $\exp(-\kappa s)$ with $\kappa=1/(2\chi)$ and also numerically verify the equation $\chi=(d-D_2)/(2d)$, where $D_2$ is the correlation dimension and $d=3$ the spatial dimension.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures submitted to J. Phys. Soc. Jp

Test for entanglement using physically observable witness operators and positive maps

Motivated by the Peres-Horodecki criterion and the realignment criterion we develop a more powerful method to identify entangled states for any bipartite system through a universal construction of the witness operator. The method also gives a new family of positive but non-completely positive maps of arbitrary high dimensions which provide a much better test than the witness operators themselves. Moreover, we find there are two types of positive maps that can detect 2xN and 4xN bound entangled states. Since entanglement witnesses are physical observables and may be measured locally our construction could be of great significance for future experiments.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, revtex4 styl

Stationary Metrics and Optical Zermelo-Randers-Finsler Geometry

We consider a triality between the Zermelo navigation problem, the geodesic flow on a Finslerian geometry of Randers type, and spacetimes in one dimension higher admitting a timelike conformal Killing vector field. From the latter viewpoint, the data of the Zermelo problem are encoded in a (conformally) Painleve-Gullstrand form of the spacetime metric, whereas the data of the Randers problem are encoded in a stationary generalisation of the usual optical metric. We discuss how the spacetime viewpoint gives a simple and physical perspective on various issues, including how Finsler geometries with constant flag curvature always map to conformally flat spacetimes and that the Finsler condition maps to either a causality condition or it breaks down at an ergo-surface in the spacetime picture. The gauge equivalence in this network of relations is considered as well as the connection to analogue models and the viewpoint of magnetic flows. We provide a variety of examples.Comment: 37 pages, 6 figure