Site types revisited : comparison of traditional Russian and Finnish classification systems for European Boreal forests

doi: 10.1111/avsc.12525Questions Forest classifications are tools used in research, monitoring, and management. In Finland, the Cajanderian forest site type classification is based on the composition of understorey vegetation with the assumption that it reflects in a predictable way the site's productive value. In Russia, the Sukachevian forest classification is similarly based on understorey vegetation but also accounts for tree species, soil wetness, and paludification. Here we ask whether Cajander's and Sukachev's forest types are effectively the same in terms of species composition, site productivity, and biodiversity. Location Boreal forests on mineral soils in Finland and the Russian part of Fennoscandia. Methods We use vegetation and soil survey data to compare the Cajanderian and the Sukachevian systems in terms of the understorey community composition (that is supposed to define them), soil fertility and tree productivity (that they are expected to indicate), and biodiversity (that is of interest for conservation purposes). We create and employ class prediction models to divide Russian and Finnish sites into Cajander's and Sukachev's types, respectively, based on vegetation composition. We perform cross-comparisons between the two systems by non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination and statistical tests. Results Within both systems, the site types formed similar, meaningful gradients in terms of the studied variables. Certain site types from the two systems were largely overlapping in community composition and arranged similarly along the fertility gradient and may thus be considered comparable. Conclusions The Cajanderian and the Sukachevian systems were both developed in the European boreal zone but differ in terms of the exact rules by which site types are determined. Our results show that analogous types between the systems can be identified. These findings aid in endeavours of technology and information transfer between Finnish and Russian forests for the purposes of basic or applied ecological research and forest management.Peer reviewe

Mineralization and fragmentation rates of bark attached to logs in a northern boreal forest

a b s t r a c t Predicting the characteristics of coarse woody debris (CWD) and its importance for biodiversity, carbon and nutrient cycling requires narrowing the uncertainties in bark decomposition rate assessments. We estimated bark decomposition rates and compared them to wood decomposition rates of birches (Betula pubescens and Betula pendula), Siberian fir (Abies sibirica), Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) in the northern boreal forest of the Komi Republic, Russia. Estimates were made based on the mass loss of bark attached to above-ground fallen and leaning logs dated to have fallen from 1 to 168 years previous to sampling. A single-exponential model was used to estimate the mass loss of bark attached to the logs. Decomposition rate estimates of all log bark included mass loss due to fragmentation. Mineralization rate as mass loss per surface area was estimated for non-fragmented bark pieces. The initial bark mass of the tree base was higher compared to that of the rest of the log; it did not depend neither on the tree species nor on the log size. The proportional rate of bark mineralization was the same for Siberian fir, Siberian pine and Siberian spruce logs -0.040 yr À1 . The mineralization rate of birch bark was 0.009 yr À1 . Bark fragmentation accelerated mass loss. Variation in bark decomposition rates was explained by tree species and log diameter and did not depend on tree mortality mode. The bark turnover time (t 95 ) was 302, 224, 149, 140 and 117 years for birch, fir, spruce, Siberian pine with diameter more than 41 cm, and Siberian pine with diameter less than 40 cm, respectively. Bark decomposed faster than wood for fir (0.034 vs. 0.026 yr ). The different decomposition rates of wood and bark suggest that considering wood and bark together as one substrate can result in a less accurate portrayal of decomposition patterns. These bark decomposition rates can be used for modelling carbon dynamics in similar ecosystems. Knowing the turnover time of log bark for these tree species also facilitates the prediction of the quality of CWD in biodiversity studies in boreal forests