Optimization of aluminumand its alloys doping by ionic-beamplasmacoating

The surface morphology, chemical composition, microstructure, nanohardness, and tribological properties of systems were investigated. The paper considers the methodology offilmpplicationusingionic-beam irradiation by means of the installation'Solo' with different exposure modes. Irradiation modes which allow an increase in the microhardness of the material and a decrease in its wear rate are defined. Physical substantiation of this phenomenon is given

Тенденции развития платежного баланса и международной инвестиционной позиции России

The article deals with the economic and statistical analysis of trends in the development of statistical data on the balance of payments and the international investment position of Russia over the past 15 years, indicating the sustainable development of the foreign economic sector of the Russian economy.The article begins with addressing the scope and subject matter of the study of the balance of payments and the international investment position of the country. Then the author examines external economic activities for each of the three periods depicting the influence of the crisis phenomena in the global economy in 1998, 2008 and 2014. Within these periods the author considers the interaction of the world and Russian economies, serious reduction of the external sector of the Russian economy in these periods of crisis and generally the deterioration of the results of foreign economic activity of the country. Comparing the balance of payments and international investment position before and after crisis periods it is possible to note the good state government management of the external sector of the Russian economy, which helped to restore the balance of payments of the country and to increase its net international investment position after the crisis.On a final note, it is concluded that the most effective and efficient for external regulation in a crisis is the so called profitable method when the expense of centralized redistribution of income and cash management of financial flows, is formed in the margin in the markets, determines the scale and direction of cash flows, are governed by incorporated in the cost of exported products yield. The market method with the help of tariff pricing and regulation does not allow to fully control and predict the vector of cash flows in a crisis, redistribute profitability between sectors of the economy and even “save” borrowers in crisis situation.В статье дан экономико-статистический анализ тенденций развития платежного баланса и международной инвестиционной позиции России за последние 15 лет, подтверждающий в целом устойчивое развитие внешнеэкономического сектора российской экономики. Во вводной части статьи раскрываются сущность и основная проблематика исследования платежного баланса и международной инвестиционной позиции страны. В основном разделе публикации показаны особенности внешнеэкономической деятельности по каждому из трех периодов, отражающих влияние кризисных явлений в мировой экономике соответственно в 1998, 2008 и 2014 гг. В рамках рассматриваемых этапов характеризуется взаимодействие мировой и российской экономик, отмечаются серьезные сокращения внешнего сектора российской экономики в указанные периоды кризисов и в целом ухудшение результатов внешнеэкономической деятельности страны. Сравнивая показатели платежного баланса и международной инвестиционной позиции до и после анализируемых в статье кризисных периодов, можно отметить эффективное регулирование внешнеэкономического сектора российской экономики со стороны российских государственных органов, что позволило восстановить показатели платежного баланса страны и нарастить ее чистую международную инвестиционную позицию после кризисов. В заключении данной публикации автором сделаны выводы о том, что наиболее эффективным и работоспособным для внешнего регулирования в кризисных условиях является так называемый доходный метод, когда за счет централизованного перераспределения денежных доходов и управления финансовыми потоками формируется маржинальность на рынках, определяется масштаб и направление движения денежных потоков, регулируется заложенная в стоимость экспортируемых продуктов доходность. Рыночный способ с помощью тарифного ценообразования и регулирования не позволяет в полной мере в условиях кризиса контролировать и прогнозировать вектор движения денежных потоков, перераспределять доходность между отраслями экономики и даже «спасать» закредитованных заемщиков

Surface structure of commercially pure VT1-0 titanium irradiated by an intense pulsed electron beam

It is shown that pulsed electron beam irradiation of commercially pure titanium at a beam energy density of 10 J/cm{2}, pulse duration of 150 [mu]s, number of pulses of N=5 pulses, and pulse repetition frequency of 0.3 Hz with attendant polymorphic [alpha]->[beta]->[ alpha] transformations allows a more than five-fold decrease in the grain and subgrain sizes of the material structure

Combined surface modification of commercial aluminum

The paper analyzes research data on the structure and properties of surface layers of commercially pure A7-grade aluminum subjected to treatment that combines deposition of a thin metal film, intense pulsed electron beam irradiation, and nitriding in low-pressure arc plasma. The analysis shows that the combined method of surface modification provides the formation of a multilayer structure with submicro- and nano-sized phases in the material through a depth of up to 40 ?m, allowing a manifold increase in its surface microhardness and wear resistance (up to 4 and 9 times, respectively) compared to the material core. The main factors responsible for the high surface strength are the saturation of the aluminum lattice with nitrogen atoms and the formation of nano-sized particles of aluminum nitride and iron aluminides

Structure and properties of commercially pure titanium nitrided in the plasma of a low-pressure gas discharge produced by a PINK plasma generator

The paper analyzes the surface structure and properties of commercially pure VT1-0 titanium nitrided in the plasma of a low-pressure gas discharge produced by a PINK plasma generator. The analysis demonstrates that the friction coefficient of the nitrided material decreases more than four times and its wear resistance and microhardness increases more than eight and three times, respectively. The physical mechanisms responsible for the enhancement of strength and tribological properties of the material are discussed

Structure and mechanical characteristics of the hypereutectic silumin subjected to pulsed electron beam treatment

Silumin, aluminum with silicon alloy, is a promising material used for the manufacture of medium-loaded machine parts and mechanisms. High brittleness is one of the main drawbacks of hypereutectic silumin. Modification of a hypereutectic silumin (18-20 wt.% Si) was carried out by irradiating the samples with an intense pulsed electron beam. It was established that irradiation of cast hypoeutectic silumin by an electron beam leads to a significant reduction in the number of micropores, forming a high-speed cellular crystallization structure with a cell size of (0.4-0.6) [mu]m. An irradiation mode allowing to increase the silumin surface layer hardness by more than 4 times, wear resistance - by 1.2 times, to increase ductility by 1.2 times in relation to the initial material was detected (35 J/cm{2}; 200 [mu]s, 20 imp. 0.3 s{-1})

Nanostructuring of a Surface Layer as a Way to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Hypoeutectic Silumin

The irradiation of hypoeutectic silumin 383.1 with an intense pulsed electron beam in the melting mode and rapid crystallization of the surface layer has been performed. A multiphase submicron nanostructured surface layer with a thickness of up to 70 nm has been formed. Mechanical tests of the irradiated silumin samples in tensile experiments have been carried out. A significant increase in strength and plastic properties of silumin irradiated with an electron beam has been established. Features and patterns in the distribution of displacement fields in the deformation process in surface layers of the samples in realtime have been identified by digital image correlation method using the optical measuring system VIC-3D

Nanostructuring of a Surface Layer as a Way to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Hypoeutectic Silumin

The irradiation of hypoeutectic silumin 383.1 with an intense pulsed electron beam in the melting mode and rapid crystallization of the surface layer has been performed. A multiphase submicron nanostructured surface layer with a thickness of up to 70 nm has been formed. Mechanical tests of the irradiated silumin samples in tensile experiments have been carried out. A significant increase in strength and plastic properties of silumin irradiated with an electron beam has been established. Features and patterns in the distribution of displacement fields in the deformation process in surface layers of the samples in realtime have been identified by digital image correlation method using the optical measuring system VIC-3D