Study of magnetic field distribution in anisotropic single twin-boundary magnetic shape memory (MSM) element in actuators

Magnetic shape memory effect exhibited by certain alloys at room temperature is known for almost 20 years. The most studied MSM alloys are Ni-Mn-Ga alloys which exhibit up to 12% magnetic field-induced strain (change in shape) depending on microstructure. A multibillion cycle operation without malfunction along with their "smart" properties make them very promising for application in electromagnetic (EM) actuators and sensors. However, considerable twinning stress of MSM crystals resulting in magneto-mechanical hysteresis decreases the efficiency and output force of MSM actuators. Whereas twinning stress of conventional MSM crystals has been significantly decreased over the years, novel crystals with Type II twin boundaries (TBs) possess even lower twinning stress. Unfortunately, the microstructure of MSM crystals with very low twinning stress tends to be unstable leading to their rapid crack growth. Whilst this phenomenon has been studied experimentally, the magnetic field distribution in anisotropic single twin-boundary MSM elements has not been considered yet. This paper analyses the magnetic field distribution in two-variant single twin-boundary MSM elements and discusses its effects on magnetic field-induced stress acting on the twin boundary

A study on wear failure analysis of tungsten carbide hardfacing on carbon steel blade in a digester tank

This paper addresses wear failure analysis of tungsten carbide (WC) hardfacing on a carbon steel blade known as the continuous digester blade (CD blade). The CD blade was placed in a digester tank to mix ilmenite ore with sulphuric acid as part of a production process. Tungsten carbide hardfacing was applied on the CD blade to improve its wear resistance while the CD blade was exposed to an abrasive and acidic environment. Failure analysis was car-ried out on the hardfaced CD blade in order to improve its wear resistance and lifetime. A thickness and hardness comparison study was conducted on worn and unworn specimens from the CD blades. The carbide distribution along with elemental composition analysis of the hardfaced CD blade specimens was examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The investigation revealed that an inconsistent hardfacing thickness was welded around the CD blade. Minimum coating thickness was found at the edges of the blade surfaces causing failure to the blades as the bare carbon steel blades were exposed to the mixed environment. The wear resistance of the CD blade can be improved by distributing the carbide uniformly on the hardfaced coating. Applying extra coating coverage at the critical edge will prevent the exposure of bare carbon steel blade, thus increasing the CD blade lifetime

Review of properties of magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys and MSM actuator designs

Magnetic shape memory alloys are a new group of "smart" materials that exhibit large strain of 6-12% when subjected to magnetic fields. This indicates their enormous potential to be used in different electromagnetic (EM) devices such as actuators, sensors, energy harvesters and dampers. Shape change in MSM materials is controlled by magnetic field and doesn't involve phase transformation, allowing it to overcome a number of disadvantages of conventional shape memory alloys (SMAs). MSM devices are capable of producing large force and stroke output in considerably small dimensions. At the same time they can have fast response and potentially very long lifetime. This paper discusses different modern designs and approaches to MSM actuator design with their advantages and disadvantages. An overview on characteristics of MSM alloys is also presented in order to highlight how different properties of the material influence the total output of a device

Materials and Actuator Solutions for Advanced Magnetic Shape Memory Devices (Review)

The magnetic shape memory technology may replace electromagnetic solutions in applications requiring fast frequency response, long lifetime, and high energy efficiency. In this review we present the latest developments concerning new materials and manufacturing technologies, which lead to improved magneto-mechanical properties combined with a cost efficient and repeatable production route. In particular advances in the crystal growth process and subsequent treatments such as cutting technologies are described. New actuator concepts use the multistability feature of the MSM material to reduce the energy consumption during an actuation cycle. Fast-frequency response actuators have been proposed for switching and sorting applications. In the field of microdevices and thin films, activities include the development of micropumps for biomedical applications and the deployment of first prototype devices. This review also considers micro-positioners and energy harvesters, which are promising applications of MSM driven devices

LASER SCANNING AND AUTOMATIC MULTI-IMAGE TEXTURING OF SURFACE PROJECTIONS

Terrestrial laser scanning has now become a standard tool for 3D surface modeling. In order to exploit such fully 3D data in texturemapping or for the creation of large-scale ‘true orthos ’ suitable software is needed, particularly to allow handling surface self-occlusions and image occlusions, as well as multi-image texture interpolation. The authors have presented such an automatic approach for creating orthoimages and perspective views, based on fully 3D models from laser scanning. All surface points visible in the direction of projection are first identified, and then texture from all images which view each particular surface point is blended. Means for automatically eliminating colour outliers from individual images, especially near image occlusion borders, are also provided. In this contribution, the algorithm is evaluated using image sets with large variations in image scale and unconventional imaging configurations. The presented results indicate that this approach, which involves a cooperation of photogrammetry with laser scanning for the automatic multi-view synthesis of textured projections, performs quite satisfactorily also under demanding circumstances. 1

Optimization of cutting processes for magnetic shape memory actuator elements

For the production of Ni-Mn-Ga single crystalline actuator elements dicing technology was applied. In the paper results are presented for the optimized fabrication of Ni-Mn-Ga single crystalline actuator elements using dicing temperature of 80°C. The surface of single crystalline Ni-Mn-Ga actuator elements after the dicing process was investigated. A relation was found between processing parameters and quality of cutting edges. The results are discussed with respect to surface roughness, deformation layer and twinning behavior and will help to better understand the microstructure-property relationship of this new class of smart materials