14 research outputs found

    Neuregulin-3 Regulates Epithelial Progenitor Cell Positioning and Specifies Mammary Phenotype

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    Mutation of Neuregulin-3 (Nrg3) results in defective embryonic mammary gland development. Here, we investigate functions of Nrg3 signaling in embryonic mammary morphogenesis. Nrg3 regulates the distribution of epithelial progenitor cells within the presumptive mammary-forming region during early mammary morphogenesis. Basal and suprabasal epithelial cells are significantly smaller within the hypoplastic mammary primordium (MP) that forms in Nrg3 mutants, indicative of failure to acquire mammary epithelial cell (MEC) morphological phenotype. Activation of Erbb4 JM-a CYT-1, an Erbb4 isoform expressed in the developing MP, leads to MEC spreading and migration. Nrg3 promotes the accumulation of epithelial progenitor cells at the MP site in embryo explant cultures. Our results implicate Nrg3 signaling in mediating key events of mammary mesenchyme specification, including mesenchymal condensation, mitosis, and induction of mammary marker expression. Taken together, our results show Nrg3 has a major role in conferring specification of the mammary phenotype to both epithelial and mesenchymal progenitor cells

    A Sox2鈥揝ox9 signalling axis maintains human breast luminal progenitor and breast cancer stem cells

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    Increased cancer stem cell content during development of resistance to tamoxifen in breast cancer is driven by multiple signals, including Sox2-dependent activation of Wnt signalling. Here, we show that Sox2 increases and estrogen reduces the expression of the transcription factor Sox9. Gain and loss of function assays indicate that Sox9 is implicated in the maintenance of human breast luminal progenitor cells. CRISPR/Cas knockout of Sox9 reduces growth of tamoxifen-resistant breast tumours in vivo. Mechanistically, Sox9 acts downstream of Sox2 to control luminal progenitor cell content and is required for expression of the cancer stem cell marker ALDH1A3 and Wnt signalling activity. Sox9 is elevated in breast cancer patients after endocrine therapy failure. This new regulatory axis highlights the relevance of SOX family transcription factors as potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer

    Phosphorylation of a splice variant of collapsin response mediator protein 2 in the nucleus of tumour cells links cyclin dependent kinase-5 to oncogenesis

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    Background Cyclin-dependent protein kinase-5 (CDK5) is an unusual member of the CDK family as it is not cell cycle regulated. However many of its substrates have roles in cell growth and oncogenesis, raising the possibility that CDK5 modulation could have therapeutic benefit. In order to establish whether changes in CDK5 activity are associated with oncogenesis one could quantify phosphorylation of CDK5 targets in disease tissue in comparison to appropriate controls. However the identity of physiological and pathophysiological CDK5 substrates remains the subject of debate, making the choice of CDK5 activity biomarkers difficult. Methods Here we use in vitro and in cell phosphorylation assays to identify novel features of CDK5 target sequence determinants that confer enhanced CDK5 selectivity, providing means to select substrate biomarkers of CDK5 activity with more confidence. We then characterize tools for the best CDK5 substrate we identified to monitor its phosphorylation in human tissue and use these to interrogate human tumour arrays. Results The close proximity of Arg/Lys amino acids and a proline two residues N-terminal to the phosphorylated residue both improve recognition of the substrate by CDK5. In contrast the presence of a proline two residues C-terminal to the target residue dramatically reduces phosphorylation rate. Serine-522 of Collapsin Response Mediator-2 (CRMP2) is a validated CDK5 substrate with many of these structural criteria. We generate and characterise phosphospecific antibodies to Ser522 and show that phosphorylation appears in human tumours (lung, breast, and lymphoma) in stark contrast to surrounding non-neoplastic tissue. In lung cancer the anti-phospho-Ser522 signal is positive in squamous cell carcinoma more frequently than adenocarcinoma. Finally we demonstrate that it is a specific and unusual splice variant of CRMP2 (CRMP2A) that is phosphorylated in tumour cells. Conclusions For the first time this data associates altered CDK5 substrate phosphorylation with oncogenesis in some but not all tumour types, implicating altered CDK5 activity in aspects of pathogenesis. These data identify a novel oncogenic mechanism where CDK5 activation induces CRMP2A phosphorylation in the nuclei of tumour cells

    Funci贸n de la prote铆na mediadora de respuesta a colapsinas 2 (CRMP-2) en c谩ncer de pulm贸n no microc铆tico

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    Los microt煤bulos desarrollan una funci贸n importante en procesos celulares tan cruciales como la divisi贸n celular, la adhesi贸n a sustrato, la migraci贸n o el transporte de prote铆nas y org谩nulos. Durante la mitosis, los microt煤bulos constituyen el huso mit贸tico. Debido a su intervenci贸n en la divisi贸n celular, los microt煤bulos son dianas moleculares de primera magnitud en las terapias frente al c谩ncer. En los 煤ltimos a帽os se ha descubierto que es esencial la colaboraci贸n de las Prote铆nas Asociadas a Microt煤bulos (MAPs) para que los microt煤bulos puedan realizar su funci贸n correctamente. La familia de las prote铆nas de respuesta a colapsina o CRMPs constituye un ejemplo de este tipo de mol茅culas. La prote铆na mediadora de respuesta a colapsina tipo 2 (CRMP-2) es una prote铆na adaptadora de tubulina que interacciona con los heterod铆meros de tubulina para unirlos a los microt煤bulos crecientes, de modo dependiente de su estado de fosforilaci贸n. A pesar de su interacci贸n con tubulina, CRMP-2 ha sido descrita fundamentalmente en tejido nervioso. Pensamos que debido a su participaci贸n en la din谩mica de los microt煤bulos, CRMP-2 puede presentar una expresi贸n o regulaci贸n diferencial en las c茅lulas transformadas con respecto a c茅lulas primarias y con ello contribuir a la progresi贸n tumoral. En concreto en este estudio nos propusimos estudiar la funci贸n de CRMP-2 en el contexto de carcinoma pulmonar y nos planteamos los siguientes objetivos: 1- Estudiar la expresi贸n de CRMP-2 en c茅lulas primarias de epitelio bronquial, c茅lulas inmortalizadas y c茅lulas transformadas de pulm贸n y comparar los niveles de expresi贸n y fosforilaci贸n de esta prote铆na en c茅lulas normales y transformadas, as铆 como su localizaci贸n subcelular y co-localizaci贸n con tubulina. 2- Analizar si las variaciones en el estado de fosforilaci贸n de CRMP-2 pueden contribuir a la adquisici贸n de propiedades caracter铆sticas de tumores agresivos: mayor proliferaci贸n y capacidad de migraci贸n. 3- Estudiar la participaci贸n de CRMP-2 en la mitosis y evaluar si las alteraciones en su grado de fosforilaci贸n afectan a la correcta divisi贸n de las c茅lulas tumorales

    Funci贸n de la prote铆na mediadora de respuesta a colapsinas 2 (CRMP-2) en c谩ncer de pulm贸n no microc铆tico

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    Los microt煤bulos desarrollan una funci贸n importante en procesos celulares tan cruciales como la divisi贸n celular, la adhesi贸n a sustrato, la migraci贸n o el transporte de prote铆nas y org谩nulos. Durante la mitosis, los microt煤bulos constituyen el huso mit贸tico. Debido a su intervenci贸n en la divisi贸n celular, los microt煤bulos son dianas moleculares de primera magnitud en las terapias frente al c谩ncer. En los 煤ltimos a帽os se ha descubierto que es esencial la colaboraci贸n de las Prote铆nas Asociadas a Microt煤bulos (MAPs) para que los microt煤bulos puedan realizar su funci贸n correctamente. La familia de las prote铆nas de respuesta a colapsina o CRMPs constituye un ejemplo de este tipo de mol茅culas. La prote铆na mediadora de respuesta a colapsina tipo 2 (CRMP-2) es una prote铆na adaptadora de tubulina que interacciona con los heterod铆meros de tubulina para unirlos a los microt煤bulos crecientes, de modo dependiente de su estado de fosforilaci贸n. A pesar de su interacci贸n con tubulina, CRMP-2 ha sido descrita fundamentalmente en tejido nervioso. Pensamos que debido a su participaci贸n en la din谩mica de los microt煤bulos, CRMP-2 puede presentar una expresi贸n o regulaci贸n diferencial en las c茅lulas transformadas con respecto a c茅lulas primarias y con ello contribuir a la progresi贸n tumoral. En concreto en este estudio nos propusimos estudiar la funci贸n de CRMP-2 en el contexto de carcinoma pulmonar y nos planteamos los siguientes objetivos: 1- Estudiar la expresi贸n de CRMP-2 en c茅lulas primarias de epitelio bronquial, c茅lulas inmortalizadas y c茅lulas transformadas de pulm贸n y comparar los niveles de expresi贸n y fosforilaci贸n de esta prote铆na en c茅lulas normales y transformadas, as铆 como su localizaci贸n subcelular y co-localizaci贸n con tubulina. 2- Analizar si las variaciones en el estado de fosforilaci贸n de CRMP-2 pueden contribuir a la adquisici贸n de propiedades caracter铆sticas de tumores agresivos: mayor proliferaci贸n y capacidad de migraci贸n. 3- Estudiar la participaci贸n de CRMP-2 en la mitosis y evaluar si las alteraciones en su grado de fosforilaci贸n afectan a la correcta divisi贸n de las c茅lulas tumorales

    All-trans-retinoic acid inhibits collapsin response mediator protein-2 transcriptional activity during SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell differentiation

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    Neurons are highly polarized cells composed of two structurally and functionally distinct parts, the axon and the dendrite. The establishment of this asymmetric structure is a tightly regulated process. In fact, alterations in the proteins involved in the configuration of the microtubule lattice are frequent in neuro-oncologic diseases. One of these cytoplasmic mediators is the protein known as collapsin response mediator protein-2, which interacts with and promotes tubulin polymerization. In this study, we investigated collapsin response mediator protein-2 transcriptional regulation during all-trans-retinoic acid-induced differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. All-trans-retinoic acid is considered to be a potential preventive and therapeutic agent, and has been extensively used to differentiate neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Therefore, we first demonstrated that collapsin response mediator protein-2 mRNA levels are downregulated during the differentiation process. After completion of deletion construct analysis and mutagenesis and mobility shift assays, we concluded that collapsin response mediator protein-2 basal promoter activity is regulated by the transcription factors AP-2 and Pax-3, whereas E2F, Sp1 and NeuroD1 seem not to participate in its regulation. Furthermore, we finally established that reduced expression of collapsin response mediator protein-2 after all-trans-retinoic acid exposure is associated with impaired Pax-3 and AP-2 binding to their consensus sequences in the collapsin response mediator protein-2 promoter. Decreased attachment of AP-2 is a consequence of its accumulation in the cytoplasm. On the other hand, Pax-3 shows lower binding due to all-trans-retinoic acid-mediated transcriptional repression. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms behind the action of all-trans-retinoic acid on neuroblastoma cells may well offer new perspectives for its clinical application
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