Characterization of Moment of Inertia Variations by Holographic Interferometry

Holographic interferometry (HI) is a powerful tool for mapping of surface defects. In conjunction with various stressing techniques [l–4], it offers an NDT tool for the detection of flaws within the volume of materials. The method is advantageous for integrity characterization of components to serve under mechanical stress, where the detailed shape, size and depth of the flaw within the material are of no interest. For most applications, where integrity is tested, the moment of inertia may be used as a measure for classification of the product and for the estimation of its reliability. The presence of volumetric flaws, when the sample is under loading, is expressed in the holographic interferogram. The exterma of the fringe pattern are used for determination of the displacement distribution. The second derivative of the displacement distribution is related to the bending moment and the moment of inertia. The moment of inertia may be further processed to obtain a function free from degrading influence of the specific measuring system employed [5]

Applications of Film Tomography Technique for QNDE

Tomography with X- and gamma- rays provides three-dimensional radiographic information on the examined object. The film-based tomography (1,2) generates a summation-image of a surface within the object by continuously combining back projections directly on the film. This method has many attractive features for industrial applications in which cost and simplicity are of primary importance. Some of the features are: (1) The absence of post processing allows this method to yield an image immediately on development of the film.; (2) Conventional radiologists need a short training time to master the technique as most components and concepts are familiar to them: e. g. radiation sources, films, screens, collimators, filters, processing units, viewers, exposure, contrast, resolution.; (3) Purpose oriented system optimized for a certain range of products, may be built with costs much less than digital computing trans-axial tomography (CT).; (4) Tomographic images of surfaces of critical areas within the examined object are directly recorded on films curved to match the required shape.; (5) Tomographs on film may be digitized and imaged-processed by commercial system developed for conventional radiographs.; (6) The slice thickness of the recorded surface may be in the order of magnitude of the thickness of the film-emulsion.; (7) The quality of the tomograph is high especially for high- contrast objects (2) and whenever the noise and the dynamic-range of the film do not impose a limitation on the information to be extracted.</p

Time to follow guidelines, protocols, and structured procedures in medical care and time to leap out

Ayala Kobo-Greenhut,1&ndash;3 Amos Notea,2,3 Meir Ruach,4 Erez Onn,4 Yehunatan Hasin1 1Bar-Ilan University, Tel Aviv, Israel; 2Technion, Haifa, Israel; 3Kinneret College, Galilee, Israel; 4Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Israel Abstract: Present medical practice encourages management according to written guidelines, protocols, and structured procedures (GPPs). Daily medical practice includes instances in which &ldquo;leaping: from one patient management routine to another is a must. We define &ldquo;frozen patient management:, when patient management leaping was required but was not performed. Frozen patient management may cause significant damage to patient safety and health and the treatment quality. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of GPP-guided medical practice and gives an explanation of the problem of frozen patient management in light of quality engineering, control engineering, and learning processes. Our analysis of frozen patient management is based on consideration of medical care as a process. By considering medical care processes as a closed-loop control process, it is possible to explain why, when an indication for deviation from the expected occurs, it does not necessarily attract the medical teams&#39; attention, thereby preventing the realization that leaping to an alternative patient management is needed. We suggest that working according to GPPs intensifies the frozen patient management problem since working according to GPPs relates to &ldquo;exploitation learning behavior&rdquo;, while leaping to new patient management relates to &ldquo;exploration learning behavior&rdquo;. We indicate practice routines to be incorporated into GPP-guided medical care, to reduce frozen patient management. Keywords: guidelines, protocols, structured procedures, frozen patient management, close loo