Community Land Trusts, affordable housing and community organising in low-income neighbourhoods

Community Land Trusts (CLTs) offer a community-led response to housing problems and can provide affordable housing for low-income residents. Generally the academic work on CLTs remains underdeveloped, particularly in the UK, although some argue that they can be an efficient way in which to manage scarce resources while others have noted that CLTs can provide a focal point for community resistance. In this article we provide evidence on two active CLTs in inner urban areas in major US cities, New York and Boston. In Cooper Square, Lower East Side Manhattan and Dudley Street, south Boston, we see the adoption of different approaches to development suggesting that we should speak of models of CLTs rather than assuming a single operational approach. The cases we present indicate both radical and reformist responses to the state and market provision of housing and neighbourhood sustainability. They also suggest community activism can prove to be significant in securing land and the development of the CLT

Metric characterization of cluster dynamics on the Sierpinski gasket

We develop and implement an algorithm for the quantitative characterization of cluster dynamics occurring on cellular automata defined on an arbitrary structure. As a prototype for such systems we focus on the Ising model on a finite Sierpsinski Gasket, which is known to possess a complex thermodynamic behavior. Our algorithm requires the projection of evolving configurations into an appropriate partition space, where an information-based metrics (Rohlin distance) can be naturally defined and worked out in order to detect the changing and the stable components of clusters. The analysis highlights the existence of different temperature regimes according to the size and the rate of change of clusters. Such regimes are, in turn, related to the correlation length and the emerging "critical" fluctuations, in agreement with previous thermodynamic analysis, hence providing a non-trivial geometric description of the peculiar critical-like behavior exhibited by the system. Moreover, at high temperatures, we highlight the existence of different time scales controlling the evolution towards chaos.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figure

Spin glasses without time-reversal symmetry and the absence of a genuine structural glass transition

We study the three-spin model and the Ising spin glass in a field using Migdal-Kadanoff approximation. The flows of the couplings and fields indicate no phase transition, but they show even for the three-spin model a slow crossover to the asymptotic high-temperature behaviour for strong values of the couplings. We also evaluated a quantity that is a measure of the degree of non-self-averaging, and we found that it can become large for certain ranges of the parameters and the system sizes. For the spin glass in a field the maximum of non-self-averaging follows for given system size a line that resembles the de Almeida-Thouless line. We conclude that non-self-averaging found in Monte-Carlo simulations cannot be taken as evidence for the existence of a low-temperature phase with replica-symmetry breaking. Models similar to the three-spin model have been extensively discussed in order to provide a description of structural glasses. Their theory at mean-field level resembles the mode-coupling theory of real glasses. At that level the one-step replica symmetry approach breaking predicts two transitions, the first transition being dynamical and the second thermodynamical. Our results suggest that in real finite dimensional glasses there will be no genuine transitions at all, but that some features of mean-field theory could still provide some useful insights.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figure

Spin Stiffness of Stacked Triangular Antiferromagnets

We study the spin stiffness of stacked triangular antiferromagnets using both heat bath and broad histogram Monte Carlo methods. Our results are consistent with a continuous transition belonging to the chiral universality class first proposed by Kawamura.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figure

Prevalence of antibody to Trypanosoma cruzi in Hispanic-surnamed patients seen at Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, Texas

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chagas disease constitutes an important public health threat in terms of morbidity and mortality in the areas in the United States where immigrant populations from Latin America are conspicuous. We conducted a survey to assess the prevalence of anti-<it>T. cruzi </it>antibody in Hispanic-surnamed patients seen at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Texas.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Five hundred serum specimens from Hispanic-surnamed patients were tested by a preliminary ELISA method. On a subset of 50 sera confirmatory testing was also performed using an alternative ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence, and TESA immunoblot. For 274 of 500 Hispanic-surnamed patients, we were able to ascertain immigration status upon medical chart review. Of the 274 sera analyzed, one sample tested as positive for anti-<it>T. cruzi </it>antibody by the preliminary ELISA, and by the three confirmatory methods.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The goal of this study is to increase the awareness of <it>T. cruzi </it>infection and Chagas disease in areas where the Latin American immigrant communities are growing. Our study highlights the importance of testing for Chagas disease in the populations most at risk, and the need for current data on the actual seroprevalence in areas where such immigrant populations are conspicuous. Larger-scale epidemiologic surveys on Chagas disease in the immigrant communities from Latin America are warranted.</p

Occurrence of Eimeria species parasites on small-scale commercial chicken farms in Africa and indication of economic profitability.

Small-scale commercial poultry production is emerging as an important form of livestock production in Africa, providing sources of income and animal protein to many poor households, yet the occurrence and impact of coccidiosis on this relatively new production system remains unknown. The primary objective of this study was to examine Eimeria parasite occurrence on small-scale commercial poultry farms in Ghana, Tanzania and Zambia. Additionally, farm economic viability was measured by calculating the farm gross margin and enterprise budget. Using these economic measures as global assessments of farm productivity, encompassing the diversity present in regional husbandry systems with a measure of fundamental local relevance, we investigated the detection of specific Eimeria species as indicators of farm profitability. Faecal samples and data on production parameters were collected from small-scale (less than 2,000 birds per batch) intensive broiler and layer farms in peri-urban Ghana, Tanzania and Zambia. All seven Eimeria species recognised to infect the chicken were detected in each country. Furthermore, two of the three genetic variants (operational taxonomic units) identified previously in Australia have been described outside of Australia for the first time. Detection of the most pathogenic Eimeria species associated with decreased farm profitability and may be considered as an indicator of likely farm performance. While a causal link remains to be demonstrated, the presence of highly pathogenic enteric parasites may pose a threat to profitable, sustainable small-scale poultry enterprises in Africa

The influence of critical behavior on the spin glass phase

We have argued in recent papers that Monte Carlo results for the equilibrium properties of the Edwards-Anderson spin glass in three dimensions, which had been interpreted earlier as providing evidence for replica symmetry breaking, can be explained quite simply within the droplet model once finite size effects and proximity to the critical point are taken into account. In this paper, we show that similar considerations are sufficient to explain the Monte Carlo data in four dimensions. In particular, we study the Parisi overlap and the link overlap for the four-dimensional Ising spin glass in the Migdal-Kadanoff approximation. Similar to what is seen in three dimensions, we find that temperatures well below those studied in Monte Carlo simulations have to be reached before the droplet model predictions become apparent. We also show that the double-peak structure of the link overlap distribution function is related to the difference between domain-wall excitations that cross the entire system and droplet excitations that are confined to a smaller region.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure

Z_2-vortex ordering of the triangular-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet

Ordering of the classical Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the triangular lattice is studied by means of a mean-field calculation, a scaling argument and a Monte Carlo simulation, with special attention to its vortex degree of freedom. The model exhibits a thermodynamic transition driven by the Z_2-vortex binding-unbinding, at which various thermodynamic quantities exhibit an essential singularity. The low-temperature state is a "spin-gel" state with a long but finite spin correlation length where the ergodicity is broken topologically. Implications to recent experiments on triangular-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnets are discussed

Evidence for the droplet/scaling picture of spin glasses

We have studied the Parisi overlap distribution for the three dimensional Ising spin glass in the Migdal-Kadanoff approximation. For temperatures T around 0.7Tc and system sizes upto L=32, we found a P(q) as expected for the full Parisi replica symmetry breaking, just as was also observed in recent Monte Carlo simulations on a cubic lattice. However, for lower temperatures our data agree with predictions from the droplet or scaling picture. The failure to see droplet model behaviour in Monte Carlo simulations is due to the fact that all existing simulations have been done at temperatures too close to the transition temperature so that sytem sizes larger than the correlation length have not been achieved.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figure