Software Frameworks for Model Composition

A software framework is an architecture or infrastructure intended to enable the integration and interoperation of software components. Specialized types of software frameworks are those specifically intended to support the composition of models or other components within a simulation system. Such frameworks are intended to simplify the process of assembling a complex model or simulation system from simpler component models as well as to promote the reuse of the component models. Several different types of software frameworks for model composition have been designed and implemented; those types include common library, product line architecture, interoperability protocol, object model, formal, and integrative environment. The various framework types have different components, processes for composing models, and intended applications. In this survey the fundamental terms and concepts of software frameworks for model composition are presented, the different types of such frameworks are explained and compared, and important examples of each type are described

Firefighters, posttraumatic stress disorder, and barriers to treatment: Results from a nationwide total population survey

<div><p>Repeated exposure to traumatic experiences may put professional firefighters at increased risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To date, however, the rate of PTSD symptoms, unmet need for mental health treatment, and barriers to treatment have only been investigated in subsamples rather than the total population of firefighters. We conducted a nationwide, total population-based survey of all currently employed South Korean firefighters (n = 39,562). The overall response rate was 93.8% (n = 37,093), with 68.0% (n = 26,887) complete responses for all variables. The rate of current probable PTSD was estimated as 5.4%. Among those with current probable PTSD (n = 1,995), only a small proportion (9.7%) had received mental health treatment during the past month. For those who had not received treatment, perceived barriers of accessibility to treatment (29.3%) and concerns about potential stigma (33.8%) were reasons for not receiving treatment. Although those with higher PTSD symptom severity and functional impairment were more likely to seek treatment, greater symptom severity and functional impairment were most strongly associated with increased concerns about potential stigma. This nationwide study points to the need for new approaches to promote access to mental health treatment in professional firefighters.</p></div

Associations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and perceived functional impairment with barriers to treatment in firefighters with current probable PTSD but who had not received treatment from any professional (n = 1,802)^a.

<p>Associations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and perceived functional impairment with barriers to treatment in firefighters with current probable PTSD but who had not received treatment from any professional (n = 1,802)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190630#t003fn002" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

Associations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and perceived functional impairment with mental health treatment use in firefighters with current probable PTSD (n = 1,995).

<p>Associations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and perceived functional impairment with mental health treatment use in firefighters with current probable PTSD (n = 1,995).</p

Firefighters, posttraumatic stress disorder, and barriers to treatment: Results from a nationwide total population survey - Fig 2

<p><b>Mental health treatment use during the past month from any professional, among firefighters with current probable posttraumatic stress disorder (n = 1,802), according to the symptom severity (a) and perceived functional impairment (b).</b><i>Note</i>. PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.</p

Participant response rate throughout recruitment and data analyses.

<p>^a Excluded individuals who could be faking good, answering randomly, or lying. ^b Imputed datasets were generated using the chained equations approach [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190630#pone.0190630.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>]. ^c Numbers are expressed in range due to the varying numbers of missing values for each variable. ^d Current probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was defined as ≥ 45 on the PTSD checklist. ^e Those who had not received treatment from any professional during the past month.</p