Effet d’un compost enrichi par des spores du clone Trichoderma harzianum (rifaï) sur le rendement du niébé et du maïs sous abris au Burkina Faso

L’amélioration de la disponibilité des éléments nutritifs majeurs dans le sol à travers l’enrichissement de compost par des spores de Trichoderma harzianum peut être une alternative d’intensification écologique pour l’augmentation des rendements agricoles. L’objectif de cette étude était de tester l’influence de l’enrichissement de compost par des spores de T. harzianum I-1236 sur la productivité du sol. La méthodologie a consisté à tester sous serre en vases de végétation six (6) traitements : Témoin (T), Compost seul (C), Compost+T. harzianum (C+Th), NPK seul (NPK), Compost+NPK (C+NPK) et Compost+NPK+T. harzianum (C+NPK+Th). Chaque traitement a été répété six (6) fois. Le niébé et le maïs ont été cultivés. Les paramètres tels que le diamètre et la hauteur des plants, les biomasses aériennes et racinaires, la nodulation du niébé ont été mesurés. Les teneurs en N et P de la biomasse aérienne ont été déterminées. Les résultats ont montré que les traitements combinant la fumure organo-minérale (C+NPK et C+NPK+Th) ou la fumure minérale seule (NPK) ont donné les meilleures croissances et les biomasses les plus importantes. La nodulation du niébé a été influencée par l’utilisation du compost et du T. harzianum. Le nombre de nodules a varié de 35.5±1.9 pour le témoin à 27.7±2.2 pour le traitement C+Th. Cela justifie l’intérêt d’utiliser du compost et du T. harzianum dans une perspective d’intensification écologique dans les agrosystèmes dégradés.Mots clés : Compost, enrichissement, Trichoderma harzianum, nodulation, niébé, maïs

Homological perturbation theory for nonperturbative integrals

We use the homological perturbation lemma to produce explicit formulas computing the class in the twisted de Rham complex represented by an arbitrary polynomial. This is a non-asymptotic version of the method of Feynman diagrams. In particular, we explain that phenomena usually thought of as particular to asymptotic integrals in fact also occur exactly: integrals of the type appearing in quantum field theory can be reduced in a totally algebraic fashion to integrals over an Euler--Lagrange locus, provided this locus is understood in the scheme-theoretic sense, so that imaginary critical points and multiplicities of degenerate critical points contribute.Comment: 22 pages. Minor revisions from previous versio

Dynamique des compartiments du carbone et de l'azote dans le sol cultivé en niébé et sorgho dans le système zaï en zone Nord soudanienne du Burkina Faso

La gestion appropriée des sols cultivés peut permettre un stockage de carbone, en plus de l’avantage supplémentaire du maintien du niveau de fertilité qui en résulte. L’objectif de cette étude est d’appréhender l’influence réelle de pratiques culturales sous niébé ou sorgho dans le système zaï, sur l’évolution et  l’organisation des teneurs de carbone (C) et d’azote (N) du sol à l’échelle de la parcelle. Un dispositif factoriel en blocs de Fisher a été utilisé. Les traitements comprenant des apports de fumier seul ou associé au burkina phosphate avec exportation des résidus de cultures ont été testés. Le fractionnement  granulométrique de la matière organique du sol a été utilisé, séparant trois fractions. Les résultats révèlent que la répartition de C et N dans les fractions  granulométriques n’a pas été affectée par les espèces cultivées. Quelle que soit la culture, le carbone et l’azote se trouvent  essentiellement sous forme de  matière organique stable dans la fraction 0-20 μm, soit respectivement 64% et 73% pour C et N. L’apport du fumier seul ou combiné au phosphate, entraîne une  augmentation de la matière organique labile ; 38% de C et 31% de N sont stockés dans la fraction 50-2000 μm. La dynamique de la matière organique du sol à  l’échelle de la parcelle est plus influencée par les amendements que par les espèces cultivées.Mot clés : Matière organique, sols dégradés, légumineuse, céréale, fumier, burkina phosphate

Social Data Visualization System for Understanding Diffusion Patterns on Twitter: A Case Study on Korean Enterprises

Online social media have been playing an important role of creating and diffusing information to many users. It means the users can get cognitive influence to the other users. Thus, it is important to understand how the information can be diffused by interactions among users through online social media. In this paper, we design a social media monitoring system (called "TweetPulse'') which can analyze and show meaningful diffusion patterns (DP) among the users. Particularly, TweetPulse focuses on visualizing information diffusion in Twitter, given a certain time duration. Also, this work has investigated the relationships 1) between DP and event detecting, 2) between DP and emotional words, and 3) between DP and the number of followers of the users. Thereby, to understand the continuous patterns of the information diffusion, we propose two different types of analytic methods, which are 1) macroscopic approach and 2) microscopic approach. For evaluating the proposed method, we have collected and preprocessed the dataset during about 4 months (14 March 2012 to 12 July 2012). As a conclusion, TweetPulse has helped users to easily understand DP from a large scale dataset streaming through Twitter

Effets de six composts sur les réponses physiologiques, biochimiques et agronomiques du niébé Vigna unguiculata L. Walp var. KVX. 61.1. au déficit hydrique

Un déficit hydrique sévère a été imposé par suspension de l’arrosage à deux stades de développement à une variété de niébé Vigna unguiculata L. Walp var. KVX. 61.1 cultivée en pot à l’air libre. Le sol de culture est un Lixisol Ferrique amendé par six types de composts fabriqués à partir de mélanges de déchets urbains solides composés de déchets verts (DV), de déchets d’abattoir (DA), de déchets de cuisine (DC) selon les compositions suivantes: C1=40%DV+60%DA; C2=40%DV+40%DA+20%DC; C3=40%DV+30%DA+30%DC; C4=40%DV+20%DA+40%DC; C5=40%DV+60%DC; C6=100%DV. Les effets de ces six composts sur le potentiel hydrique, la fuite d’électrolyte, la teneur en amidon des feuilles et sur quelques paramètres agronomiques ont été évalués sur les plantes stressées en comparaison avec les plantes témoins. Les résultats indiquent des valeurs du potentiel hydrique foliaire très faibles et une réduction de la teneur en amidon des feuilles pour les plantes des composts C2, C3, C4, et C5. Ces dernières présentent des intégrités membranaires plus affectées comparativement aux plantes du sol témoin et celles des composts C1 et C6. Les composts C2, C3, C4 et C5 favorisent le développement des racines et augmentent le rendement en graines du niébé en condition de déficit hydrique. Ce qui justifie l’intérêt du compostage des déchets de cuisine.Mots clés : niébé, déficit hydrique, compost, déchets urbains solide

Valorisation de substrats organiques divers dans l'agriculture péri-urbaine de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) pour l'amendement et la fertilisation des sols : acteurs et pratiques

Organic substrates recycling in the sub-urban agriculture of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) for soils fertilization: description of the different actors and their practices. This study aimed to establish an overview of the main actors of the sub-urban agriculture of Ouagadougou, their practices and expectations, and to characterize the used organic substrates (OS). For that, a farm survey was carried out on the most representative sites with 64 persons (cereal farmers, truckers and nurserymen) randomly chosen. OS were sampled with each actor, when available. Thus, 27 samples were taken and characterized through chemical analyses and laboratory incubations to follow organic carbon mineralization. The results highlighted that 35% of cereal farmers, 69% of truckers and 95% of nurserymen were 20 to 40 years old, that a large proportion of cereal farmers and truckers were not sent to school while 70% of nurserymen had at least primary education. Sub-urban agriculture was the only activity for 43% of farmers, 83% of truckers and 91% of nurserymen. Moreover, 71% of cereal farmers and 73% of nurserymen used municipal wastes as source of organic matter against only 17% of truckers, the majority of them using animal manures. The main criterion of choice of OS was their availability without any other consideration. Even if a large majority of the actors think that composts of OS were better than brut OS, a minority of them used currently composts. The best ways for an adoption and utilization of OS composts were to facilitate their accessibility and to promote these composts, composting techniques and their interests through advertising in mass media. Chemical analyses and laboratory incubations showed a great variability of the SUW, both in the same group and actors' groups. However, in case of total organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorous contents, the following tendencies were observed: Contenttruckers > Contentfarmers > Contentnurserymen. For the sum of major elements Ca, K, Mg, Na (SME), it was observed that SMEtruckers ≈ SMEfarmers > SMEnurserymen. In addition, except a few atypical substrates, OS used by nurserymen were largely stabilized compared to those of cereal farmers and truckers

Regional and local emissions in red river delta, Northern Vietnam

Fine (PM2.2) and coarse (PM2.2–10) particles concurrently collected in urban (Hanoi) and rural (Lucnam) areas were analyzed for ionic and elemental compositions to provide input for PMF receptor modeling of emission sources in the Red River Delta (RRD), a key economic development region in Vietnam. Long-range transport (LRT) aerosol, coal fly ash from major coal-fired plants in RRD, and marine aerosols are regional sources, which explain the minor variability of the mass concentrations of fine particles across the region. Local sources include soil/resuspended road dust, local coal fly ash, and biomass burning. Soil/resuspended road dust is the largest source component of coarse particles at the two sites. It is more abundant in Hanoi than in Lucnam reflecting the urban–rural contrast in traffic and construction works. Receptor models reveal the incorporation of secondary sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium into the various primary particles, i.e., soot, minerals, soil organic matter, and sea salt. Soot particles from LRT carry the largest amounts of sulfate and ammonium mass concentrations measured at the two sites. Based on receptor models, the yields and possible chemical forms of secondary sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium in different types of primary particles can be inferred

Qualite et vitesse de decomposition des litieres des principaux arbustes natifs de la savane humide au centre de la Cote d’Ivoire

Cette étude a été conduite en zone de savane humide de Côte d’Ivoire pour évaluer la qualité et la vitesse de décomposition des litières de feuilles de trois espèces d’arbustes dominantes: Crossopteryx febrifuga, Terminalia schimperiana et Piliostigma thonningii et la contribution des termites dans ce processus. La vitesse de décomposition a été suivie pendant six mois dans des sachets (Litterbags) puis le coefficient de décomposition k a été déterminé. La contribution des termites a été estimée à travers la quantité de sol « termitique » déposée sur les sachets. Les résultats montrent que les teneurs des litières en C, N, K et Mg étaient plus élevés avec C. febrifuga qu’avec P. thonningii et T. schimperiana respectivement. Le rapport N/P suivait exactement la même tendance. La teneur en P n’a pas varié significativement avec les espèces. Les rapports C/N et C/P n’ont pas non plus varié significativement. La concentration de Ca des litières était plus élevée avec P. thonningii. La densité surfacique des litières (caractéristique physique) était plus élevée avec P. thonningii qu’avec les autres espèces. La décomposition des litières de T. schimperiana (0,64 mois-1) était plus rapide que celles de C. febribuga (0,52 mois-1) et de P. thonningii (0,39 mois-1). L’activité des termites était plus importante sous les litières les plus denses (P. thonningii). L’espèce C. febrifuga est apparue comme ayant le meilleur potentiel d’amélioration de la fertilité du sol.   English title: Quality and decomposition rate of native shrub species’ leaf litters in a wet savanna in central Côte d’Ivoire This study was conducted in Central Côte d’Ivoire, aimed to assess the quality and rate of decomposition of the dominant native shrub species’ leaf litters, namely Crossopteryx febrifuga, Terminalia schimperiana and Piliostigma thonningii and the termite’s contribution in this process. Investigations took place in the Lamto Natural Reserve, including five replicate trees per species. Leaf litters were left to decompose in litterbags for six months and then, the decomposition coefficient (k) was determined. The termites’ contribution to decomposition was estimated by the amount of soil they deposited on the litterbags. Results showed that higher leaf litter C, N, K and Mg concentrations were associated with C. febrifuga compared to P. thonningii and T. schimperiana, respectively. The N/P ratio followed the same order. Litter P, C/N and C/P ratios did not varied across species. Higher litter Ca was observed with P. thonningii. Litter surface area was higher with P. thonningii compared to the other two species while decomposition was faster with T. schimperiana (k = 0.64 month-1) followed by C. febribuga (k = 0.52 month-1) and P. thonningii (0.39 months-1). The contribution of the termites to decomposition were found to be greater on high surface area-leaf litters, supposedly more ligneous (P. thonningii). These results suggest that C. febrifuga holds a greater ability to improve soil fertility

Infliximab in young paediatric IBD patients : it is all about the dosing

Infliximab (IFX) is administered intravenously using weight-based dosing (5 mg/kg) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Our hypothesis is that especially young children need a more intensive treatment regimen than the current weight-based dose administration. We aimed to assess IFX pharmacokinetics (PK), based on existing therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data in IBD patients = 10 years). Median age was 8.3 years (IQR 6.9-8.9) in YP compared with 14.3 years (IQR 12.8-15.6) in OP at the start of IFX. At the start of maintenance treatment, 72% of YP had trough levels below therapeutic range (<5.4 mu g/mL). After 1 year of scheduled IFX maintenance treatment, YP required a significantly higher dose per 8 weeks compared with OP (YP; 9.0 mg/kg (IQR 5.0-12.9) vs. OP; 5.5 mg/kg (IQR 5.0-9.3);p <0.001). The chance to develop antibodies to infliximab was relatively lower in OP than YP (0.329 (95% CI - 1.2 to - 1.01);p <0.001), while the overall duration of response to IFX was not significantly different (after 2 years 53% (n = 29) in YP vs. 58% (n = 45) in OP;p = 0.56). Conclusion: Intensification of the induction scheme is suggested for PIBD patients aged <10 years. What is Known?Peer reviewe

Temporal fluctuation of multidrug resistant salmonella typhi haplotypes in the mekong river delta region of Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: typhoid fever remains a public health problem in Vietnam, with a significant burden in the Mekong River delta region. Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), which is frequently multidrug resistant with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolone-based drugs, the first choice for the treatment of typhoid fever. We used a GoldenGate (Illumina) assay to type 1,500 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and analyse the genetic variation of S. Typhi isolated from 267 typhoid fever patients in the Mekong delta region participating in a randomized trial conducted between 2004 and 2005. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: the population of S. Typhi circulating during the study was highly clonal, with 91% of isolates belonging to a single clonal complex of the S. Typhi H58 haplogroup. The patterns of disease were consistent with the presence of an endemic haplotype H58-C and a localised outbreak of S. Typhi haplotype H58-E2 in 2004. H58-E2-associated typhoid fever cases exhibited evidence of significant geo-spatial clustering along the Sông H u branch of the Mekong River. Multidrug resistance was common in the established clone H58-C but not in the outbreak clone H58-E2, however all H58 S. Typhi were nalidixic acid resistant and carried a Ser83Phe amino acid substitution in the gyrA gene. SIGNIFICANCE: the H58 haplogroup dominates S. Typhi populations in other endemic areas, but the population described here was more homogeneous than previously examined populations, and the dominant clonal complex (H58-C, -E1, -E2) observed in this study has not been detected outside Vietnam. IncHI1 plasmid-bearing S. Typhi H58-C was endemic during the study period whilst H58-E2, which rarely carried the plasmid, was only transient, suggesting a selective advantage for the plasmid. These data add insight into the outbreak dynamics and local molecular epidemiology of S. Typhi in southern Vietnam