Diabetes Is the Main Factor Accounting for Hypomagnesemia in Obese Subjects

OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity are associated with magnesium deficiency. We aimed to determine whether the presence of type 2 diabetes and the degree of metabolic control are related to low serum magnesium levels in obese individuals. METHODS: A) Case-control study: 200 obese subjects [50 with T2DM (cases) and 150 without diabetes (controls)] prospectively recruited. B) Interventional study: the effect of bariatric surgery on serum magnesium levels was examined in a subset of 120 obese subjects (40 with type 2 diabetes and 80 without diabetes). RESULTS: Type 2 diabetic patients showed lower serum magnesium levels [0.75±0.07 vs. 0.81±0.06 mmol/L; mean difference -0.06 (95% CI -0.09 to -0.04); p<0.001] than non-diabetic patients. Forty-eight percent of diabetic subjects, but only 15% of non-diabetic subjects showed a serum magnesium concentration lower than 0.75 mmol/L. Significant negative correlations between magnesium and fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and BMI were detected. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c independently predicted serum magnesium. After bariatric surgery serum magnesium increased only in those patients in whom diabetes was resolved, but remain unchanged in those who not, without difference in loss weight between groups. Changes in serum magnesium negatively correlated with changes in fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c. Absolute changes in HbA1c independently predicted magnesium changes in the multiple linear regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide evidence that the presence of diabetes and the degree of metabolic control are essential in accounting for the lower levels of magnesium that exist in obese subjects

Effect of fluvial islands on distribution of water and sediment at river bifurcations

Hydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience

Immune status and immunomodulation in percid fish

Knowledge of the adaptability of the immune system is an important issue that can enable a better management of environmental conditions for increasing fish performances and welfare. Unfortunately, the immune defence of percid fish has not yet been characterized, but they should be able to accomplish innate and adaptive immunity as other fishes. Indeed, the available information about molecular characterization of some immune genes of percid fish showed similar features as that of other teleost. But some specific pathways were identified; and it could be interesting to precise their implication for the immune competence. It seems also likely that percid fish are able to adapt their immunocompetence to the seasonal changes in environmental conditions, or to respond positively to some immunomodulatory compounds as other fish species, but more studies are still needed to highlight the specific immune pathways of the relative responses

ONELAB: Open Numerical Engineering LABoratory

peer reviewe