Scene classification with random forests and object and color distributions [Rastlantisal karar agaçlariyla nesne ve renk dagilimina göre sahne siniflandirilmasi]

We propose a method to recognize the scene of an image by finding the objects and the colors it contains. We approach this problem by creating a binary vector of detected objects and a histogram of the colors that the image contains. We then use these features to train a random forest classifier in order to determine the scene of each image. For class-based classifiers, our method gives comparable results with the state of art methods, such as Object Bank method, for the indoor scene dataset that we used. Additionally, while well-known methods are computationally expensive, our method has a low computational cost. © 2013 IEEE

The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations

Two tribal groups from southern India—the Chenchus and Koyas—were analyzed for variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the Y chromosome, and one autosomal locus and were compared with six caste groups from different parts of India, as well as with western and central Asians. In mtDNA phylogenetic analyses, the Chenchus and Koyas coalesce at Indian-specific branches of haplogroups M and N that cover populations of different social rank from all over the subcontinent. Coalescence times suggest early late Pleistocene settlement of southern Asia and suggest that there has not been total replacement of these settlers by later migrations. H, L, and R2 are the major Indian Y-chromosomal haplogroups that occur both in castes and in tribal populations and are rarely found outside the subcontinent. Haplogroup R1a, previously associated with the putative Indo-Aryan invasion, was found at its highest frequency in Punjab but also at a relatively high frequency (26%) in the Chenchu tribe. This finding, together with the higher R1a-associated short tandem repeat diversity in India and Iran compared with Europe and central Asia, suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup. Haplotype frequencies of the MX1 locus of chromosome 21 distinguish Koyas and Chenchus, along with Indian caste groups, from European and eastern Asian populations. Taken together, these results show that Indian tribal and caste populations derive largely from the same genetic heritage of Pleistocene southern and western Asians and have received limited gene flow from external regions since the Holocene. The phylogeography of the primal mtDNA and Y-chromosome founders suggests that these southern Asian Pleistocene coastal settlers from Africa would have provided the inocula for the subsequent differentiation of the distinctive eastern and western Eurasian gene pools