HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEBIASAAN MEROKOK DENGAN KEJADIAN PENYAKIT JANTUNG KORONER PADA PASIEN YANG BERKUNJUNG DI INSTALASI CARDIOVASCULAR AND BRAIN CENTRE (CVBC) RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO

Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK) merupakan penyakit kardiovaskuler yang paling banyak mengakibatkan kematian. Penyakit Jantung koroner diakibatkan oleh beberapa faktor salah satunya yaitu merokok. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kebiasaan merokok dengan kejadian penyakit jantung koroner. Penelitian ini merupakan peneletian observasional dengan desain cross sectional dengan studi retrospektif. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dengan total responden 96 orang . Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat dengan uji Chi Square (a=0.05) dan menghitung nilai Odd Ratio (OR). Hasil penelitian ini menunujukkan ada hubungan antara kebiasaan merokok dan kejadian PJK (p= 0.000<0.05) dengan nilai OR= 5.850 yang berarti risiko orang dengan kebiasaan merokok 5.8 kali lebih besar dibandingkan orang yang tidak merokok.Kata Kunci : Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK), Kebiasaan MerokokABSTRACTCoronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the most cardiovascular disease that causes death. CHD is caused by several factors, one of them is smoking. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between smoking behaviour and CHD. The study was an observational study with cross sectional design was used retrospectively. This study used purposive sampling technique with total respondent was 96 people. Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate with Chi Square test (α=0,05) and calculate the value of Odd Ratio (OR). The result of this study showed that there is a relationship between smoking behaviour and CHD (p=0,000<0,05) and OR = 5.850 that means smokers have 5.8 greater risk of developing CHD compared to non-smokers.Keyword : Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), Smoking behavio

PENGETAHUAN SIKAP DAN TINDAKAN MENYANGKUT KESEHATAN DAN KESELAMATAN KERJA DIANTARA NELAYAN PENANGKAP IKAN DI DESA LIKUPANG DUA KECAMATAN LIKUPANG TIMUR

Kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja adalah hak bagi semua pekerja yang bekerja baik sektor formal maupun informal. Nelayan merupakan pekerja informal yang sangat beresiko terjadinya kecelakaan kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat perilaku sikap dan tindakan menyangkut K3 diantara nelayan penangkap ikan di Desa Likupang Dua. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif, dengan model penelitian survey yang bersifat deskriptif, dengan populasi sebanyak 101 nelayan dengan pengambilan sampel penelitian ini adalah 49 orang nelayan. Pengambilan data di peroleh melauli hasil wawancara melalui via telepon menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pengetahuan tinggi nelayan desa Likupang Dua sebanyak 53,1%  dan pengetahuan rendah sebanyak 46,9%. Nelayan yang memiliki sikap positif berjumlah 69,4% dan memiliki sikap negative berjumlah 30,6%. Nelayan yang mempunyai tindakan tepat berjumlah 57,1% dan yang kurang tepat berjumlah 42,9%. Kata Kunci  :  Pengetahuan, Sikap, Tindakan, Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja ABCTRACTOccupational health and safety is a right for all workers who work in both the formal and informal sectors. Fishermen are informal workers who are at high risk of accidents at work. This study aims to see the attitudes and actions regarding K3 among fishermen who catch fish in Likupang Dua Village. This type of research is a qualitative research, with a descriptive survey research model, with a population of 101 fishermen with a sample of this study were 49 fishermen. Retrieval of data is obtained through the results of interviews via telephone using a questionnaire. The results of this study concluded that the high knowledge of fishermen in Likupang Dua village was 53.1% and low knowledge was 46.9%. The number of fishermen who had positive attitude was 69.4% and had negative attitude amounted to 30.6%. The number of fishermen who had the right actions was 57.1% and those who were not correct were 42.9%. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitudes, Actions, Occupational Health and Safet

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN HIPERTENSI PADA GURU SEKOLAH DASAR DI KECAMATAN TOMBARIRI TIMUR

Hipertensi atau tekanan darah tinggi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang menjadi penyebab penting kematian dini di seluruh dunia. Hampir satu miliar orang di dunia terkena hipertensi dan dua dari tiga kasus terjadi di negara berkembang. Hampir satu miliar orang di dunia terkena hipertensi dan dua dari tiga kasus terjadi di negara berkembang. Hipertensi merupakan faktor risiko utama kematian 1,5 juta jiwa setiap tahun di wilayah asia tenggara dan timur. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian hipertensi pada guru di Sekolah Dasar yang ada di Kecamatan Tombariri Timur. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional dengan jumlah populasi sebanyak 80 responden. Instrument penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner GPAQ, PSS dan HARS. Analisis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan uji t-test ditemukan hubungan antara umur dengan kejadian hipertensi (p=0,000) dan uji chi-square ditemukan hubungan antara riwayat keluarga (p=0,000) dan kecemasan (p=0,000) dan tidak ditemukan hubungan antara jenis kelamin (p=1,000), Aktivitas fisik (p=0.141) dan Stres (p=0.866). Kata Kunci: Hipertensi, Umur, Jenis Kelamin, Riwayat Keluarga, Aktivitas Fisik, Stres, Kecemasan ABSRACTHypertension or high blood pressure is one of the public health problems that is an important cause of premature death worldwide. Nearly one billion people worldwide suffer from hypertension and two out of three cases occur in developing countries. Nearly one billion people worldwide suffer from hypertension and two out of three cases occur in developing countries. Hypertension is a major risk factor for death of 1.5 million people each year in the Southeast and East Asia region. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of hypertension in teachers in elementary schools in East Tombariri District. The research method uses a cross sectional approach with a population of 80 respondents. The research instrument used the GPAQ, PSS and HARS questionnaires. The analysis in this study using the t-test found a relationship between age and the incidence of hypertension (p = 0,000) and the chi-square test found an association between family history (p = 0,000) and anxiety (p = 0,000) and no relationship was found between sexes (p = 1,000), physical activity (p = 0.141) and stress (p = 0.866). Keywords: Hypertension, Age, Gender, Family History, Physical Activity, Stress, Anxiet

Relationship between maternal obesity and infant feeding-interactions

BACKGROUND: There are no data regarding the relationship between maternal adiposity and interaction and feeding of infants and possible contribution to childhood obesity. In this study we determined the relationship between maternal body weight and composition and infant feeding patterns and maternal-infant interaction during 24-hour metabolic rate measurements in the Enhanced Metabolic Testing Activity Chamber (EMTAC). METHODS: The amount of time four obese (BMI = 33.5 ± 5.3 kg/m(2)) and three normal weight (BMI = 23.1 ± 0.6 kg/m(2)) biological mothers, spent feeding and interacting with their infants, along with what they ingested, was recorded during 24-hour metabolic rate measurements in the EMTAC. The seven infants were 4.9 ± 0.7 months, 69 ± 3 cm, 7.5 ± 0.8 kg, 26 ± 3 % fat and 29 ± 25 percentile for weight for length. Energy and macronutrient intake (kcal/kg) were assessed. Maternal body composition was determined by air displacement plethysmorgraphy and that of the infants by skin-fold thicknesses. Pearson correlations and independent t-tests were utilized for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Infants born to obese biological mothers consumed more energy (87.6 ± 18.9 vs. 68.1 ± 17.3) and energy as carbohydrate (25 ± 6 vs.16 ± 3; p < 0.05) than their normal weight counterparts. Most of the increased intake was due to complementary feedings. Twenty-four hour infant energy intake increased with both greater maternal body weight (r = 0.73;p < 0.06) and percent body fat. Furthermore, obese biological mothers spent less total time interacting (570 ± 13 vs. 381 ± 30 minutes) and feeding (298 ± 32 vs.176 ± 22 minutes) (p < 0.05) their infants than their normal weight counterparts. Twenty-four hour interaction time negatively correlated with both maternal body weight (r = -0.98; p < 0.01) and percent body fat (r = -0.92; p < 0.01). Moreover, infants of obese mothers slept more (783 ± 38 vs. 682 ± 32 minutes; p < 0.05) than their normal weight counterparts. However, there were no differences in total 24-hour energy expenditure, resting and sleeping metabolic rates (kcal/kg) for infants born to obese and normal weight biological mothers. CONCLUSION: Greater maternal body weight and percent body fat were associated with greater infant energy intakes. These infants were fed less frequently and consumed more carbohydrates in a shorter period of time as compared to infants from normal weight biological mothers. These variations in feeding patterns may predispose certain infants to obesity

Evolution of branching processes in a random environment

This review paper presents the known results on the asymptotics of the survival probability and limit theorems conditioned on survival of critical and subcritical branching processes in independent and identically distributed random environments. This is a natural generalization of the time-inhomogeneous branching processes. The key assumptions of the family of population models in question are nonoverlapping generations and discrete time. The reader should be aware of the fact that there are many very interesting papers covering other issues in the theory of branching processes in random environments which are not mentioned here

Improved water and sodium absorption from oral rehydration solutions based on rice syrup in a rat model of osmotic diarrhea

Rice syrup solids, rice protein, and casein hydrolysate were added to experimental oral rehydration solutions in various combinations and tested in a rat intestinal perfusion system. Chronic osmotic diarrhea was induced in juvenile rats by supplying the cathartic agents, magnesium citrate and phenolphthalein, in their drinking water for 1 week. The experimental oral rehydration solutions were compared with standard oral rehydration solutions containing 20 gm/L or 30 gm/L of glucose and with each other to determine if there were significant differences in net water, sodium, or potassium absorption. An oral rehydration solution containing 30 gm/L of rice syrup solids had a net water absorption rate significantly higher than that of the standard 20 gm/L glucose-based oral rehydration solution (2.1±0.62 versus 1.5±0.48 μl/[min x cm], p<0.05). Casein hydrolysate did not significantly affect net water absorption. However, combinations of 30 gm/L rice syrup solids and 5 gm/L casein hydrolysate significantly increased ( p<0.05) net sodium and potassium absorption compared with the 20 gm/L glucose-based oral rehydration solution but not versus rice syrup solids alone. Oral rehydration solutions containing 30 gm/L rice syrup solids plus 5 gm/L rice protein, and 30 gm/L rice syrup solids plus 5 gm/L casein hydrolysate, had net water absorption rates significantly higher than the rate of a 30 gm/L glucose-based oral rehydration solution (2.5±0.36 and 2.4±0.38, respectively, versus 0.87±0.40 μl/[min x cm], p<0.05). Rice protein and casein hydrolysate, however, did not significantly affect net water, sodium, or potassium absorption when added to rice protein glucose-based oral rehydration solutions. An inverse correlation between osmolality and net water absorption was observed ( r=−0.653, p<0.02). The data suggest that substitution of rice syrup solids for glucose in oral rehydration solutions will improved water absorption and that rice syrup solids in combination with protein hydrolysates may, in addition, promote better sodium and potassium uptake

Differential effects of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta on tumorigenicity patterns and invasiveness

In this study, we show that distinct compartmentalization patterns of the IL-1 molecules (IL-1alpha and IL-1beta), in the milieu of tumor cells that produce them, differentially affect the malignant process. Active forms of IL-1, namely precursor IL-1alpha (pIL-1alpha), mature IL-1beta (mIL-1beta), and mIL-1beta fused to a signal sequence (ssIL-1beta), were transfected into an established fibrosarcoma cell line, and tumorigenicity and antitumor immunity were assessed. Cell lines transfected with pIL-1alpha, which expresses IL-1alpha on the membrane, fail to develop local tumors and activate antitumor effector mechanisms, such as CTLs, NK cells, and high levels of IFN-gamma production. Cells transfected with secretable IL-1beta (mIL-1beta and ssIL-1beta) were more aggressive than wild-type and mock-transfected tumor cells; ssIL-1beta transfectants even exhibited metastatic tumors in the lungs of mice after i.v. inoculation (experimental metastasis). In IL-1beta tumors, increased vascularity patterns were observed. No detectable antitumor effector mechanisms were observed in spleens of mice injected with IL-1beta transfectants, mock-transfected or wild-type fibrosarcoma cells. Moreover, in spleens of mice injected with IL-1beta transfectants, suppression of polyclonal mitogenic responses (proliferation, IFN-gamma and IL-2 production) to Con A was observed, suggesting the development of general anergy. Histologically, infiltrating mononuclear cells penetrating the tumor were seen at pIL-1alpha tumor sites, whereas in mIL-1beta and ssIL-1beta tumor sites such infiltrating cells do not penetrate inside the tumor. This is, to our knowledge, the first report on differential, nonredundant, in vivo effects of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta in malignant processes; IL-1alpha reduces tumorigenicity by inducing antitumor immunity, whereas IL-1beta promotes invasiveness, including tumor angiogenesis, and also induces immune suppression in the host