Correlations, Risk and Crisis: From Physiology to Finance

We study the dynamics of correlation and variance in systems under the load of environmental factors. A universal effect in ensembles of similar systems under the load of similar factors is described: in crisis, typically, even before obvious symptoms of crisis appear, correlation increases, and, at the same time, variance (and volatility) increases too. This effect is supported by many experiments and observations of groups of humans, mice, trees, grassy plants, and on financial time series. A general approach to the explanation of the effect through dynamics of individual adaptation of similar non-interactive individuals to a similar system of external factors is developed. Qualitatively, this approach follows Selye's idea about adaptation energy.Comment: 42 pages, 15 figures, misprints corrections, a proof is added, improved journal versio

Evolution of adaptation mechanisms: adaptation energy, stress, and oscillating death

In 1938, H. Selye proposed the notion of adaptation energy and published "Experimental evidence supporting the conception of adaptation energy". Adaptation of an animal to different factors appears as the spending of one resource. Adaptation energy is a hypothetical extensive quantity spent for adaptation. This term causes much debate when one takes it literally, as a physical quantity, i.e. a sort of energy. The controversial points of view impede the systematic use of the notion of adaptation energy despite experimental evidence. Nevertheless, the response to many harmful factors often has general non-specific form and we suggest that the mechanisms of physiological adaptation admit a very general and nonspecific description. We aim to demonstrate that Selye's adaptation energy is the cornerstone of the top-down approach to modelling of non-specific adaptation processes. We analyse Selye's axioms of adaptation energy together with Goldstone's modifications and propose a series of models for interpretation of these axioms. {\em Adaptation energy is considered as an internal coordinate on the `dominant path' in the model of adaptation}. The phenomena of `oscillating death' and `oscillating remission' are predicted on the base of the dynamical models of adaptation. Natural selection plays a key role in the evolution of mechanisms of physiological adaptation. We use the fitness optimization approach to study of the distribution of resources for neutralization of harmful factors, during adaptation to a multifactor environment, and analyse the optimal strategies for different systems of factors

Tunable nonlinear graphene metasurfaces

We introduce the concept of nonlinear graphene metasurfaces employing the controllable interaction between a graphene layer and a planar metamaterial. Such hybrid metasurfaces support two types of subradiant resonant modes, asymmetric modes of structured metamaterial elements ("metamolecules") and graphene plasmons exhibiting strong mutual coupling and avoided dispersion crossing. High tunability of graphene plasmons facilitates strong interaction between the subradiant modes, modifying the spectral position and lifetime of the associated Fano resonances. We demonstrate that strong resonant interaction, combined with the subwavelength localization of plasmons, leads to the enhanced nonlinear response and high efficiency of the second-harmonic generation.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Systemacity and categorization in functioning of verbs

The article focuses on the issues of systemacity in language, the category of causation, functioning of causatives of the informative-modificative class. In this article, the causation is examined from the perspective of functional approach, suggested by A. Bondarko. A verb of causative semantics is related to a more general class on the basis of its essential properties. In the centre of our attention is a lexical causative of interpersonal semantics which is the core of the functional-semantic field of causationyesBelgorod State National Research Universit

Semantic Content of Concept of TRUTH in Lexical-Semantic System of Russian Language (according to Lexicographic Sources)

The peculiarities of linguistic realization of the concept of TRUTH in the modern Russian language are revealed. The aim of the investigation is a complex cognitive-oriented analysis of the semantic content and cognitive characteristics of the concept of TRUTH according to the lexicographical sources. The research material are basic Russian etymological and explanatory dictionaries, phraseological dictionaries and paremiological sources. The study is based on theoretical principles of analysis of cultural-significant information. The study uses the methodology for the analysis of the concepts developed and tested in the works of scholars of Lobachevsky State University. The study identifies 7 cognitive signs of the concept of TRUTH: (1) what indicates real state of affairs; the truth; (2) the authenticity, truthfulness; (3) moral ideal, justice, goodness; (4) adequate reflection of objective reality in human consciousness (in philosophy); (5) the approval, judgment, established by science, proven by experience; (6) the idea of divine law; (7) banality. According to the author of the article, in the national conceptosphere there is the opposition of the concepts of PRAVDA and ISTINA ‘truth’ by the criterion of the evaluation ( pravda is estimated as more important than istina ). Practical significance of the research lies in the possibility to use its results in university teaching Russian as a foreign language, in compiling dictionaries of a new type - dictionaries of concepts and linguistic thesauri

Structure of coenopopulations and phytocoenotic confinement of Paeonia tenuifolia L. in floristic complexes of Oka-Don lowland

Paeonia tenuifolia L. is a rare and protected plant of Saratov region classified as 2 (V) vulnerable species. It has been established that in Kalininsky district, Saratov region, this plant is characterized by narrow environmental amplitude and is exerted to anthropogenic impacts, the coenopopulations are isolated from each other. Existence of the species in communities of the meadow–steppe floristic complexes of Kalininsky district has confirmed that peony is heliophyte, xeromesophyte, eutrophic plant and calcicole. Photophily of P. tenuifoliais confirmed first of all by its high abundance and occurrence in open steppe communities. In both coenopopulations of P.tenuifolia, the indices of recovery have been higher than 1 (CP 1 Irec = 3.38, CP 2 Irec = 1.67), that is, the coenopopulations are relatively steady, numerous seeds are generated giving birth to viable individuals. The index of replacement showing the ratio of the density of regrowth to total mature fraction of the population has been higher in CP 1 (Irepl = 0.80) and lower in CP 2 (Irepl = 0.67). Moderate index of maturing evidence long-term existence of the species in the generative state