How we judge others: The attribution of responsibility

Attribution theory is concerned with the process by which people infer causation from parts of the relatively stable environment (Heider, 1958:297). This process is a function of the need to. control the environment through explanation and prediction similar to the way scientists attempt descriptions that render predictions. This analogy has also been drawn by Kelley (1967), who has concluded that the way in which causal attributions are made is similar to the way data is analysed by means of the analysis of variance procedure. Another example of the parallel between the scientific method and attribution processes has been made by Kelley (1971) regarding compensatory causes. These have been shown to be similar to the principles involved in scalogram analysis as developed by Guttman (1950), in that the underlying characteristics of action are examined and analyzed (see Kelley, 1971). While the scientific method can be seen as a model of the way in which people make attributions, so too, the way in which people make attributions can be seen in the scientific method, though, the naive psychology (Heider, 1958) of the man on the street is less systematic. A naive version of J. S. Kills\u27 method of difference provides the basic analytic tool (Kelley, 1967:194)

Impacts of a Nutritional Water Supplement and Threonine to Lysine Ratios on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a nutritional water supplement and threonine to lysine ratios on growth performance of nursery pigs. Two experiments were conducted to understand the effects of a nutritional water supplement on growth performance in pigs which contains a blend of organic acids, probiotics, flavorings, and yeast. The first experiment used 140 pigs and treatment levels of the supplement were 0 and 62.5 ml/L water in a stock solution provided on d 0 – 3 through the water post-weaning. The piglets were fed vegetarian diets containing no lactose or plasma. Supplementation tended to increase ADG and ADFI from d 21 – 42. Growth performance and BW tended to improve overall with numerical differences in ADG and ADFI. In the second experiment, 260 piglets were fed a complex nursery diet, but were provided four levels of the nutritional water supplement used in experiment 1. These treatments were titrated within the water for 0 – 7 d post-weaning and consisted of 0, 31.7, 63.4, and 95.1 ml WB/L of water in a stock solution. Supplementation significantly improved ADWI for d 0 – 21, 21 – 42, and for the overall period. There were no differences in ADG. Feed intake decreased for d 21 – 42, and tended to decrease overall. Feed conversion improved for d 21 – 42, and overall. In addition to a nutritional water supplement, two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of threonine to lysine ratios on growth performance of nursery piglets. With increasing threonine to lysine ratios, there was a tendency to quadratically improvement final BW, and numerical improvements for the other phases. Additionally, there was a tendency to improve ADG and ADFI during the first 21 d post-weaning. Average daily gain tended to improve between d 21- 42, and for the overall period (d 0 – 42). Feed intake tended to decrease during d 0 – 21, but significantly increased for d 21 – 42. There were numerical improvements in G:F. Therefore, supplementation of a nutritional water supplement can improve ADWI and G:F. Additionally, increasing threonine in the diet can promote increases in growth performance

The non-phosphorus effects of dietary phytase in swine and poultry

This research was conducted to determine the non-phosphorus effects of phytase in diets for swine and poultry. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of phytase addition on energy availability and protein and fat deposition in growing pigs. Results from this experiment indicated that phytase had small positive effects on energy availability, protein deposition, and fat deposition. In this study, 23 of 29 response variables were at least numerically increased with phytase addition. Two experiments were conducted to determine the accuracy of the energy and amino acid matrix values for Natuphos 1200 in broilers from 0 to 21 or 0 to 42 d posthatching. Results from these experiments indicated that the nutrient matrix values for phytase are accurate, and that they can be used in diet formulations for broilers. Experiments also were conducted to determine the effect of phytase addition to diets with or without the trace mineral premix in nursery, growing, and finishing pigs and in commercial broilers. Results indicated that phytase can replace the trace mineral premix in swine diets. Phytase addition had no negative effect on growth performance or pork quality, and it had minimal effects on carcass traits. In broilers, removing the trace mineral premix had no effect on growth performance but decreased bone breaking strength, and adding phytase did not reverse this response. This research indicates that phytase addition has little effect on carcass traits or meat quality in swine and poultry. When formulating swine diets with phytase, the trace mineral premix can be removed with no negative effects on growth performance or pork quality. However, more research is needed to determine the effect of phytase addition in diets without the trace mineral premix in broilers, because the addition of phytase did not overcome the decrease in bone breaking strength

“Percepção social dos adolescentes sobre a família recasada: uma análise psicopedagógica”

The concept of family has been affected by social changes, which led to the emergence of new family configurations, such as the remarried families, which involve three or more families in its formation. As a result, this new family model requires each member to change their roles and adjust their family relationships. In this sense, it is relevant to comprehend the way people perceive the context and the family members so that less conflict and more social interaction take place. To fit the purpose of this study, it was used the Social Perception theory since it emphasizes the way people perceive the context they are inserted in and how they are influenced by it, ending up modifying their own behavior. Having said that, this study is aimed at analyzing the adolescents’ social perception on remarriage. Three female adolescents participated in this study, being the three of them children of separated parents, at 14,3 years old. A semi-structured and a social-demographic questionnaire. The results showed that the adolescents do not see the members of their father’s remarried family as part of their family configuration. The results also presented that there are feelings of anger and hatred in relation to their stepmother, being referred to by the three adolescents as the one to blame for their parents’ separation, a fact that interferes in the family relationships as well in the father’s remarriage acceptance. In short, it can be concluded that the adolescents’ perception on the remarried family and their members are important sources of information and maintenance of family relationships.A família tem passado por transformações sociais que tem favorecido o surgimento de novas configurações familiares, a exemplo das famílias recasadas, que envolvem três ou mais famílias em sua formação. Sendo assim, este novo modelo de família exige dos membros a reestruturação de papeis e ajustes nos relacionamentos familiares. Neste sentido, é relevante entender como as pessoas percebem o meio e os membros da família para que haja menos conflito e maior interação social. Para este estudo foi utilizada a teoria da Percepção Social, uma vez que enfatiza a forma como a pessoa percebe o meio e se influencia por ele, a ponto de modificar seu comportamento. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a percepção social de adolescentes sobre o recasamento. Participaram três adolescentes do sexo feminino, filhas de pais separados, com a média de idade 14,3 anos. Foi utilizado um roteiro de entrevista semi- estruturado e um questionário sociodemográfico. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as adolescentes não percebem os membros da família recasada de seu genitor como parte de sua configuração familiar; também se constatou que há sentimentos de raiva e ódio em relação à madrasta e, esta é tida pelas participantes como sendo a causa da separação dos seus pais, fato que irá interferir nos relacionamentos familiares, como também, na aceitação do recasamento do pai. Portanto, conclui-se que a percepção dos adolescentes sobre a família recasada e os membros que a compõem são importantes fontes de informação na formação e manutenção dos relacionamentos familiares

Amino Acid Requirements and Crystalline Amino Acids for Finishing Pigs.

This research was conducted to obtain a better understanding of the amino acid needs of finishing pigs. Twelve experiments were conducted using the urea nitrogen method to determine the lysine requirement of gilts and barrows. Two experiments were conducted to determine the optimum ratio of total sulfur amino acids to lysine for finishing pigs (74 to 111 kg); and three experiments were conducted to evaluate the net energy content of low crude protein, crystalline amino acid supplemented diets for finishing pigs (70 to 117 kg). The lysine requirement of gilts, as determined by the urea nitrogen method, decreased as body weight increased from 20 to 80 kilograms; whereas, the lysine requirement of barrows decreased as body weight increased from 20 to 35 kilograms, and then remained similar as body weight increased from 35 to 80 kilograms. The optimum ratio of total sulfur amino acids to lysine for late finishing pigs is.40 to.47 for growth performance and muscling traits as determined by serum urea nitrogen concentrations, average daily gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, fat-free lean, lean gain per day, and retained energy in fat-free lean as protein. However, the optimum ratio to minimize fat traits is.65. Finally, finishing pigs fed low crude protein, crystalline amino acid supplemented diets with reduced net energy (either by dietary fiber addition or dietary fat removal) had similar growth performance, carcass characteristics, organ weights, organ energy expenditures, and lean and fat composition of the carcasses as pigs fed low crude protein, crystalline amino acid supplemented diets (without reduced net energy) or as pigs fed diets in which amino acids were provided from an intact protein source (i.e., soybean meal). Thus, lysine requirements can be determined by the urea nitrogen method; the optimum ratio of total sulfur amino acids to lysine for finishing pigs is not greater than.47 to obtain maximum growth performance and muscling traits; and the reduction of the net energy content of low crude protein, crystalline amino acid supplemented diets was not an effective means of reducing fat in finishing pigs