Comorbid depressive disorders in ADHD. the role of ADHD severity, subtypes and familial psychiatric disorders

ObjectiveaaTo evaluate the presence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Dysthymic Disorder (DD) in a sample of Italian children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and to explore specific features of comorbid depressive disorders in ADHD. MethodsaaThree hundred and sixty-six consecutive, drug-naïve Caucasian Italian outpatients with ADHD were recruited and comorbid disorders were evaluated using DSM-IV-TR criteria. To evaluate ADHD severity, parents of all children filled out the ADHD Rating Scale. Thirty-seven children with comorbid MDD or DD were compared with 118 children with comorbid conduct disorder and 122 without comorbidity for age, sex, IQ level, family psychiatric history, and ADHD subtypes and severity. Resultsaa42 of the ADHD children displayed comorbid depressive disorders: 16 exhibited MDD, 21 DD, and 5 both MDD and DD. The frequency of hyperactive-impulsive subtypes was significantly lower in ADHD children with depressive disorders, than in those without any comorbidity. ADHD children with depressive disorders showed a higher number of familial psychiatric disorders and higher score in the Inattentive scale of the ADHD Rating Scale, than children without any comorbidity. No differences were found for age, sex and IQ level between the three groups. Conclusions: Consistent with previous studies in other countries, depressive disorders affect a significant proportion of ADHD children in Italy. Patient assessment and subsequent treatment should take into consideration the possible presence of this comorbidity, which could specifically increase the severity of ADHD attention problems

Systematic derivation of hybrid coarse-grained models

Molecular dynamics represents a key enabling technology for applications ranging from biology to the development of new materials. However, many real-world applications remain inaccessible to fully-resolved simulations due their unsustainable computational costs and must therefore rely on semi-empirical coarse-grained models. Significant efforts have been devoted in the last decade towards improving the predictivity of these coarse-grained models and providing a rigorous justification of their use, through a combination of theoretical studies and data-driven approaches. One of the most promising research effort is the (re)discovery of the Mori-Zwanzig projection as a generic, yet systematic, theoretical tool for deriving coarse-grained models. Despite its clean mathematical formulation and generality, there are still many open questions about its applicability and assumptions. In this work, we propose a detailed derivation of a hybrid multi-scale system, generalising and further investigating the approach developed in [Español, P., EPL, 88, 40008 (2009)]. Issues such as the general coexistence of atoms (fully-resolved degrees of freedom) and beads (larger coarse-grained units), the role of the fine-to-coarse mapping chosen, and the approximation of effective potentials are discussed. The theoretical discussion is supported by numerical simulations of a monodimensional nonlinear periodic benchmark system with an open-source parallel Julia code, easily extensible to arbitrary potential models and fine-to-coarse mapping functions. The results presented highlight the importance of introducing, in the macroscopic model, non-constant fluctuating and dissipative terms, given by the Mori-Zwanzig approach, to correctly reproduce the reference fine-grained results, without requiring ad-hoc calibration of interaction potentials and thermostats

Corporate and labour market policy strategies for employment security

Mit der vorgelegten Dissertation wird ein Beitrag zur Diskussion um Beschäftigungssicherung unter veränderten globalen und betrieblichen Beziehungen geleistet. Aufgezeigt werden betriebliche Strategien im Umgang mit Beschäftigungskrisen in der Metall- und Elektroindustrie und der Beitrag einer aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik zur Sicherung von Beschäftigung. Hintergrund bilden die massiven Beschäftigungseinbrüche, insbesondere Anfang der 1990er Jahre, in der Metall- und Elektroindustrie. Veränderte wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen im Verlauf des Strukturwandels führten zu einer Umorientierung bei den Unternehmens- und Managementstrategien, um auf veränderte Marktanforderungen und verschärfte Wettbewerbsbedingungen zu reagieren und auch weiterhin Gewinnspannen realisieren zu können. Neue Reorganisationskonzepte in den Unternehmen und der zunehmende Druck der von Shareholder Value-Strategien ausgeht, führen immer wieder zu unternehmerischen Anpassungsstrategien, die mit Stelleneinsparungen einhergehen. Am Ende betrieblicher Reorganisation steht häufig der Verlust von Arbeitsplätzen. Allein der Blick auf das Endresultat Personalabbau reicht allerdings nicht aus, um die Auswirkungen dieser Maßnahmen auf Betrieb, Beschäftigte und nicht zuletzt den Arbeitsmarkt erfassen zu können. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, anhand der Analyse von vier Fallstudien Ansatzpunkte dafür zu finden, wie Prozesse im Rahmen von Beschäftigungsabbau beeinflusst und gestaltet werden können. Dabei werden neben betriebsinternen Möglichkeiten der Beschäftigungssicherung ebenfalls Beschäftigungsperspektiven in der Region in den Blick genommen. Für diese Studie wurde ein disziplinenübergreifender Ansatz gewählt, in dem Elemente der Industriesoziologie und der Arbeitsmarktforschung integriert sind. Im Bereich der Industriesoziologie wird auf die Arbeitspolitik und damit einen handlungsorientierten Ansatz der Industriesoziologie zurückgegriffen. Aus dem Bereich der Arbeitsmarktforschung dient der segmentationstheoretische Ansatz als theoretische Grundlage, um die Strukturierung des Arbeitsmarktes und ihre Verfestigung aufzeigen zu können. Präventive Beschäftigungssicherung zu untersuchen setzt voraus, die Grenzen zwischen industriesoziologischen und arbeitsmarktpolitischen Fragestellungen zu überschreiten. Diese Forschungsperspektive ermöglicht es, den in der Regel zu engen Blick auf die Bestandssicherung der vom Abbau bedrohten Arbeitsplätze zu erweitern und ihn für die Beschäftigungsperspektiven im Unternehmen selbst und über das Unternehmen hinaus zu öffnen.This dissertation contributes to the ongoing debate on employment security under changing global industrial relations. Corporate strategies dealing with employment crisis in the metal and electrical industry are illustrated as well as the contribution of active labour market policy for employment security. Background is the serious decline in employment in metal and electrical industry particular at the beginning of the 1990’s. Changed economic basic conditions – due to structural change –, altered market demands and intensified competition boosted new orientations of business and management strategies in order to maintain profits and react to these changing conditions. New concepts of reorganization within enterprises and the increasing pressure of shareholder value strategies lead to adaption of business strategies that are combined with job cuts. In the end loss of employment is often the result of entrepreneurial reorganization. Though the focus on job cuts is insufficient to understand the effects of these measures on the company, the employees and last but not least the labour market. Aim of the study is to analyze how processes of job cuts can be influenced and shaped. The analysis based on four case studies about processes in the context of job cut on company level embedded in a regional perspective. This study is based upon a comprehensive approach of both industrial sociology and labour market research. Specifically the industrial sociology access is based upon labour policy and hence an activity-oriented approach within industrial sociology. The theory of labour market segmentation is the theoretical basis in order to reveal how labour market is structured and consolidated. To inquire into preventive employment security presumes to overcome the boundaries between industrial sociology and labour market policy issues. Research in this perspective allows to broaden outlook beyond mere safeguarding endangered jobs towards employment perspectives on company level and beyond

N-acetyl-cysteine, a drug that enhances the endogenous activation of group-II metabotropic glutamate receptors, inhibits nociceptive transmission in humans.

Emerging research seeking novel analgesic drugs focuses on agents targeting group-II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors). N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) enhances the endogenous activation of mGlu2/3 receptors by activating the glial glutamate:cystine membrane exchanger. Here, we examined whether NAC inhibits nociceptive responses in humans and animals. We tested the effect of oral NAC (1.2 g) on thermal-pain thresholds and laser-evoked potentials in 10 healthy volunteers, according to a crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, and the effect of NAC (100 mg/kg, i.p.) on the tail-flick response evoked by radiant heat stimulation in mice.In healthy subjects, NAC treatment left thermal-pain thresholds unchanged, but significantly reduced pain ratings to laser stimuli and amplitudes of laser-evoked potentials. NAC induced significantly greater changes in these measures than placebo. In the tail-flick test, NAC strongly reduced the nocifensive reflex response to radiant heat. The action of NAC was abolished by the preferential mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist, LY341495 (1 mg/kg, i.p.).Our findings show for the first time that NAC inhibits nociceptive transmission in humans, and does the same in mice by activating mGlu2/3 receptors. These data lay the groundwork for investigating the therapeutic potential of NAC in patients with chronic pain

Atrial Fibrillation Ablation without Interruption of Anticoagulation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) can be cured by pulmonary vein antrum isolation (PVAI) in a substantial proportion of patients. The high efficacy of PVAI is partially undermined by a small but concrete periprocedural risk of complications, such as thromboembolic events and bleeding. A correct management of anticoagulation is essential to prevent such complications. Performing PVAI without interruption of oral anticoagulation has been demonstrated feasible by our group in previous studies. Recently, we reported that continuation of therapeutic warfarin during radiofrequency catheter ablation consistently reduces the risk of periprocedural stroke/transient ischemic attack without increasing the risk of hemorrhagic events. Of note, interrupting warfarin anticoagulation may actually increase the risk of stroke even when bridged with heparin. The latter strategy is also associated with an increased risk of minor bleeding. With regard to major bleeding, we found no significant difference between patients with a therapeutic INR and those who were bridged with heparin. Therefore, continuation of therapeutic warfarin during ablation of AF appears to be the best anticoagulation strategy. In this paper we summarize our experience with AF ablation without interruption of anticoagulation

Immunology of human rickettsial diseases.

Among human rickettsial diseases caused by micro-organisms of the genus Rickettsia (Order Rickettsiales; Family Rickettsiaceae), transmitted to human hosts through arthropod vectors, Mediterranean Spotted Fever, or Boutonneuse Fever, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever are considered to be important infectious diseases due to continued prevalence in the developed world, and potentially fatal outcome in severe cases. Proliferation of rickettsiae, at the site of the tick bite, results in focal epidermal and dermal necrosis (tache noire). Rickettsiae then spread via lymphatic vessels to the regional lymph nodes, and, via the bloodstream, to skin, brain, lungs, heart, liver, spleen and kidneys. The pathogen invades and proliferates in the endothelial cells of small vessels, target cells of rickettsial infection, destroying them, and spreading the infection to the endothelia of the vascular tree. The damage of the endothelium, and the subsequent endothelia dysfunction, is followed by the activation of acute phase responses, with alteration in the coagulation and in the cytokine network, together with a transient immune dysregulation, characterized by the reduction in peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes

[Abolishing mandatory routine medical and laboratory examination of food handlers may have influenced the reporting trends of foodborne diseases? Frequency of notified foodborne illnesses in Southern Italy from 1996 to 2009]

The aim of this study is to compare notifications of foodborne diseases in Southern Italy, before and after abolishing mandatory medical and laboratory examination routine. Data were obtained from the National Epidemiological Report of Health Ministry, that includes the annual summaries of foodborne infectious illnesses notified in Italy. The average number of foodborne diseases per million inhabitants per year decreased after the abolishment of health card for all examined conditions. There was a statistically significant reduction in all Regions for Salmonellosis and in Basilicata, Calabria, Campania and Sicily for Brucellosis. Abolishing health card of food handlers workers did not increase trends of foodborne illnesses and foodborne epidemics in Southern Italy. Examined data confirm the substantial effectiveness of food handlers self-control and training as essentials instruments of Evidence Based Prevention

A cross-sectional study in Mediterranean European countries to support stakeholders in addressing future market demands: Consumption of farmed fish products

Aquaculture is now a viable alternative to help depleted wild fish stocks and encourage the production of alternative animal protein sources. However, studies have shown that farmed fish has a less positive image in consumers than wild fish. The present study investigates the aspects that most influence the consumption choices of some of the most farmed species in the Mediterranean, sea bass and sea bream. The objective is to analyse the habits and preferences of consumers of these products in Mediterranean countries to identify homogeneous and transversal behaviours in the four countries under analysis in order to recognise common marketing actions and levers. To achieve it, a direct survey was conducted on a representative sample of 6117 consumers from France, Spain, Greece and Italy. The cluster analysis carried out for the four countries revealed 11 well-defined consumer profiles. They showed that different socio-economic characteristics, purchasing habits and product attributes explain a significant part of consumption choices and offer key information for exploring food consumer attitudes. In addition, the role of labelling in consumer behaviour is important to understand which aspects consumers pay more attention to when making their choices, representing a discriminating factor in segmenting respondents' profiles. Understanding these preferences, and the importance of certain information, can be useful to intercept and respond to market demands and to improve consumer confidence in farmed fish products

Leptogenesis beyond the limit of hierarchical heavy neutrino masses

We calculate the baryon asymmetry of the Universe in thermal leptogenesis beyond the usual lightest right-handed (RH) neutrino dominated scenario (N_1DS) and in particular beyond the hierarchical limit (HL), M_1 << M_2 << M_3, for the RH neutrino mass spectrum. After providing some orientation among the large variety of models, we first revisit the central role of the N_1DS, with new insights on the dynamics of the asymmetry generation and then discuss the main routes departing from it, focusing on models beyond the HL. We study in detail two examples of `strong-strong' wash-out scenarios: one with `maximal phase' and the limit of very large M_3, studying the effects arising when delta_2=(M_2-M_1)/M_1 is small. We extend analytical methods already applied to the N_1DS showing, for example, that, in the degenerate limit (DL), the efficiency factors of the RH neutrinos become equal with the single decay parameter replaced by the sum. Both cases disprove the misconception that close RH neutrino masses necessarily lead to a final asymmetry enhancement and to a relaxation of the lower bounds on M_1 and on the initial temperature of the radiation-dominated expansion. We also explain why leptogenesis tends to favor normal hierarchy compared to inverted hierarchy for the left-handed neutrino masses.Comment: 30 pages, 8 figures; corrected typo in Eq. (67); shortened Introduction, Section 3 and Conclusions; one figure removed; added 2 references; to appear in JCA