Exploring the walled garden theory: An empirical framework to assess pricing effects on mobile data usage

This paper performs an exploratory study of mobile usage patterns over three years (2013–2015) in the context of pricing practices such as zero-rating. In recent years, there has been heated ongoing debate regarding whether offering different pricing plans, such as zero-rated services and applications, might slant user behavior toward certain content on the Internet. Our study gathers empirical measurements of mobile application usage to address this research question. We shed light on this issue by performing an exploratory analysis of the effects of different data plans and connection types on mobile data usage, as well as measuring quantitative and qualitative pricing effects of zero-rating on mobile data usage. First, we perform a longitudinal exploratory study using data collected from the MySpeedTest application. We analyze differences in usage behavior between the top five most used applications in the United States (US) and South Africa (ZA), comparing usage on different connection types (Wi-Fi vs. cellular) as well as for devices on different data plans (prepaid vs. postpaid limited monthly data cap vs. uncapped). Our findings show that US users consume slightly more cellular data than Wi-Fi data for most of the US top five most used applications, while South African users generally prefer Wi-Fi connections (with the notable exception of Facebook). Further, US users on postpaid plans display much higher average monthly mobile data usage than those on prepaid plans, while South African users on prepaid plans generally display much higher usage than those on postpaid plans. Next, we perform a deeper analysis into the possible behavioral effects of zero-rating in South Africa. We find in one case that zero-rating WhatsApp on Cell-C's network increases overall usage of the application, regardless of connection type. In the case of zero-rating Twitter on MTN network, we observe increased mobile data usage of the zero-rated application during and immediately after the promotion, but not in the long term. Some of our results yield striking patterns, yet point to the need for richer datasets to confirm these initial findings. Finally, to gain further insights into the user motivations behind our empirical observations, we implement a mobile-based survey among a randomly selected group of individuals in South Africa and Kenya. We observe that use of zero-rating services is actually quite low among respondents. Further, zero-rating seems to serve more as a popular method for data conservation—an effort toward which respondents show a strong dedication—than as a walled garden that would otherwise discourage users from venturing beyond zero-rated applications

Quality of life and disability assessment in neuropathy: a multicenter study

BACKGROUND: pain is a common symptom of peripheral neuropathies that may severely affect patients' Quality of Life. Pain questionnaires, based on verbal descriptors, are a useful way to investigate it. METHODS: we performed a multicentre study through validated measures to characterize pain in a sample of consecutive patients affected by immune-mediated neuropathies. RESULTS: ninety-three patients were enrolled in 16 Italian centres. Based on the numeric rating scale, almost half of the patients complained of moderate pain and one-third of the patients severe pain. Overall, up to 50% of our patients with immune-mediated neuropathies complained of neuropathic pain. The most common neuropathic symptoms were paraesthesia/dysesthesia and superficial spontaneous pain. Surprisingly, also patients with neuropathies commonly thought to be painless (such as multifocal motor neuropathy) reported discomfort and painful symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: pain questionnaires should be considered in the clinical evaluation of immune-mediated neuropathies, also when evaluating therapy efficacy, because they may provide clinicians with useful information on painful symptoms and patients' quality of life

Digital media and information rights

This entry advances theoretical reflections in the area of digital media access and citizen engagement and participation through digital communications. Specifically, it seeks to provide a framework to investigate the relationship between social development, civic and political participation, and access to digital media in countries where rights such as freedom of speech and information are not always upheld by governments. The authors observe that improving access to digital media in a country by providing good quality, low-cost Internet service and information technology literacy does not unquestioningly facilitate a country's development when those media are subjected to government control. The issue this raises, in contrast, is that improved digital media access may result in increased control and restriction of freedoms in cases where telecommunications and Internet infrastructures are under government control