Neuroprediction and A.I. in Forensic Psychiatry and Criminal Justice: A Neurolaw Perspective

Advances in the use of neuroimaging in combination with A.I., and specifically the use of machine learning techniques, have led to the development of brain-reading technologies which, in the nearby future, could have many applications, such as lie detection, neuromarketing or brain-computer interfaces. Some of these could, in principle, also be used in forensic psychiatry. The application of these methods in forensic psychiatry could, for instance, be helpful to increase the accuracy of risk assessment and to identify possible interventions. This technique could be referred to as ‘A.I. neuroprediction,’ and involves identifying potential neurocognitive markers for the prediction of recidivism. However, the future implications of this technique and the role of neuroscience and A.I. in violence risk assessment remain to be established. In this paper, we review and analyze the literature concerning the use of brain-reading A.I. for neuroprediction of violence and rearrest to identify possibilities and challenges in the future use of these techniques in the fields of forensic psychiatry and criminal justice, considering legal implications and ethical issues. The analysis suggests that additional research is required on A.I. neuroprediction techniques, and there is still a great need to understand how they can be implemented in risk assessment in the field of forensic psychiatry. Besides the alluring potential of A.I. neuroprediction, we argue that its use in criminal justice and forensic psychiatry should be subjected to thorough harms/benefits analyses not only when these technologies will be fully available, but also while they are being researched and developed

Kennissystemen in de ruimtelijke planning

No abstract

Coping with pain in the hip or knee in relation to physical disability in community-living elderly people

__Objective__ To investigate the use of pain coping strategies by community-living older people with pain in the hip or knee and the mediating role of coping with pain in the relationship between the chronicity of pain and physical disability. __Methods__ A group of 157 people with pain 'in the last month' was identified. Coping with pain was assessed with the Pain Coping Inventory, physical disability with the Sickness Impact Profile, and household and sport activities with a validated structured interview method. __Results__ People with chronic pain used relatively more 'resting,' and 'reducing demands' as pain coping strategies. Pain chronicity made a significant contribution to physical disability; however, when corrected for other variables in a regression model, no significant partial correlation was found. __Conclusion__ We conclude that pain coping has a mediating role in the relationship between pain chronicity and physical disability. Less use of 'resting' and a physically active lifestyle are independently associated with less physical disability

Extended molecules and geometric scattering resonances in optical lattices

We develop a theory describing neutral atoms scattering at low energies in an optical lattice. We show that for a repulsive interaction, as the microscopic scattering length increases, the effective scattering amplitude approaches a limiting value which depends only on the lattice parameters. In the case of attractive interaction a geometric resonance occurs before reaching this limit. Close to the resonance, the effective interaction becomes repulsive and supports a weakly bound state, which can extend over several lattice sites.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, RevTe

The Kohn mode for trapped Bose gases within the dielectric formalism

The presence of undamped harmonic center of mass oscillations of a weakly interacting Bose gas in a harmonic trap is demonstrated within the dielectric formalism for a previously introduced finite temperature approximation including exchange. The consistency of the approximation with the Kohn theorem is thereby demonstrated. The Kohn modes are found explicitly, generalizing an earlier zero-temperature result found in the literature. It is shown how the Kohn mode disappears from the single-particle spectrum, while remaining in the density oscillation spectrum, when the temperature increases from below to above the condensation temperature.Comment: 6 pages revte

Effective interaction between molecules in the BEC regime of a superfluid Fermi gas

We investigate the effective interaction between Cooper-pair molecules in the st rong-coupling BEC regime of a superfluid Fermi gas with a Feshbach resonance. Our work uses a path integral formulation and a renormalization group (RG) analy sis of fluctuations in a single-channel model. We show that a physical cutoff en ergy $\omega_c$ originating from the finite molecular binding energy is the key to understanding the interaction between molecules in the BEC regime. Our work t hus clarifies recent results by showing that $a_{\rm M}=2a_{\rm F}$ is a {\it ba re} molecular scattering length while $a_{\rm M}=(0.6\sim0.75) a_{\rm F}$ is the low energy molecular scattering length renormalized to include high-energy scat tering up to $\omega_c$ (here $a_{\rm F}$ is the scattering length between Fermi atoms). We also include many-body effects at finite temperatures. We find that $a_{\rm M}$ is strongly dependent on temperature, vanishing at $T_{\rm c}$, consistent with the earlier Bose gas results of Bijlsma and Stoof.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure

Transition Temperature of a Uniform Imperfect Bose Gas

We calculate the transition temperature of a uniform dilute Bose gas with repulsive interactions, using a known virial expansion of the equation of state. We find that the transition temperature is higher than that of an ideal gas, with a fractional increase K_0(na^3)^{1/6}, where n is the density and a is the S-wave scattering length, and K_0 is a constant given in the paper. This disagrees with all existing results, analytical or numerical. It agrees exactly in magnitude with a result due to Toyoda, but has the opposite sign.Comment: Email correspondence to [email protected] ; 2 pages using REVTe

Interaction of iron(III) with taste enhancers:Potential of Fe(III) salts with inosine monophosphate or guanosine monophosphate for food fortification

Iron interactions in iron-fortified savory concentrates lead to undesirable discoloration, even when poorly-water soluble iron salts such as ferric pyrophosphate (Fe4PP3) are used. This is the first study to comprehensively investigate the interaction of Fe(III) with three common taste enhancers: glutamate (Glu), inosine monophosphate (IMP), and guanosine monophosphate (GMP). The stability of the complexes of Fe(III) with IMP or GMP is higher compared to that with Glu. Neutrality of IMP or GMP species with Fe(III) at pH 3–8 resulted in precipitation. This property was exploited to synthesize Fe(III) salts of IMP or GMP (i.e. Fe2IMP3 and Fe2GMP3) by aqueous chemical precipitation. Iron dissolution from Fe2IMP3 and Fe2GMP3 was up to twenty-fold higher at gastric pH (1–3), indicative of better bio-accessibility, and up to fifteen-fold lower at food pH (3–7), indicative of decreased reactivity in food, compared to Fe4PP3. Consequently, Fe2IMP3 and Fe2GMP3, compared to Fe4PP3, led to less discoloration in combination with the poorly soluble phenolics that are commonly present in savory concentrates. We conclude that Fe(III) salts of IMP or GMP can potentially serve as iron fortificants due to their increased solubility at gastric pH (1–3), decreased iron dissolution at food pH (3–7), and decreased reactivity at food pH.</p