Creating language resources for under-resourced languages: methodologies, and experiments with Arabic

Language resources are important for those working on computational methods to analyse and study languages. These resources are needed to help advancing the research in fields such as natural language processing, machine learning, information retrieval and text analysis in general. We describe the creation of useful resources for languages that currently lack them, taking resources for Arabic summarisation as a case study. We illustrate three different paradigms for creating language resources, namely: (1) using crowdsourcing to produce a small resource rapidly and relatively cheaply; (2) translating an existing gold-standard dataset, which is relatively easy but potentially of lower quality; and (3) using manual effort with appropriately skilled human participants to create a resource that is more expensive but of high quality. The last of these was used as a test collection for TAC-2011. An evaluation of the resources is also presented

Input effects across domains:The case of Greek subjects in child heritage language

A recurring question in the literature of heritage language acquisition, and more generally of bilingual acquisition, is whether all linguistic domains are sensitive to input reduction and to cross-linguistic influence and to what extent. According to the Interface Hypothesis, morphosyntactic phenomena regulated by discourse–pragmatic conditions are more likely to lead to non-native outcomes than strictly syntactic aspects of the language (Sorace, 2011). To test this hypothesis, we examined subject realization and placement in Greek–English bilingual children learning Greek as a heritage language in North America and investigated whether the amount of heritage language use can predict their performance in syntax–discourse and narrow syntactic contexts. Results indicated two deviations from the Interface Hypothesis: First, subject realization (a syntax–discourse phenomenon) was found to be largely unproblematic. Second, subject placement was affected not only in syntax–discourse structures but also in narrow syntactic structures, though to a lesser degree, suggesting that the association between the interface status of subject placement and its sensitivity to heritage language use among children heritage speakers is gradient rather than categorical

The syntax of Arabic

The guideline of Arabic syntax provides an overview of the major syntatic constructions in Arabic that have featured in recent linguistic debates,and discusses the analyses provided for them in the litarature.ix, 247 p.:ill.:20 cm

Methapor translation in the novel of the fault in our stars

viii, 42 hlm.; ilus.; 30 cm

Methapor translation in the novel of the fault in our stars

viii, 42 hlm.; ilus.; 30 cm

Methapor translation in the novel of the fault in our stars

viii, 42 hlm.; ilus.; 30 cm

Personality disorder of the main character in waking madison film

ix, 47 hlm.; ilus.; 30 cm

Personality disorder of the main character in waking madison film

ix, 47 hlm.; ilus.; 30 cm