The solution to Wheeler-DeWitt is eight

We describe a new geometrical solution to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation in two dimensional quantum gravity. The solution is the amplitude of a surface whose boundary consists of two tangent loops. We further discuss a new method for estimating singular geometries amplitudes, which uses explicit recursive counting of discrete surfaces.Comment: 10 tex pages + 5 ps figure

Back-in-time dynamics of the cluster IE 0657-56 (the Bullet System)

We present a simplified dynamical model of the ``Bullet'' system of two colliding clusters. The model constrains the masses of the system by requiring that the orbits of the main and sub components satisfy the cosmological initial conditions of vanishing physical separation a Hubble time ago. This is also known as the timing argument. The model considers a system embedded in an over-dense region. We argue that a relative speed of $4500 \rm km/s$ between the two components is consistent with cosmological conditions if the system is of a total mass of $2.8\times 10^{15}h^{-1} M_\odot$ is embedded in a region of a (mild) over-density of 10 times the cosmological background density. Combining this with the lensing measurements of the projected mass, the model yields a ratio of 3:1 for the mass of the main relative to that of the subcomponent. The effect of the background weakens as the relative speed between the two components is decreased. For relative speeds lower than $\sim 3700\rm km/s$, the timing argument yields masses which are too low to be consistent with lensing.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted to MNRA

Monte Carlo Simulation of 2-D Quantum Gravity as Open Dynamically Triangulate Random Surfaces

We describe a Monte Carlo procedure for the simulation of dynamically triangulate random surfaces with a boundary (topology of a disk). The algorithm keeps the total number of triangles fixed, while the length of the boundary is allowed to fluctuate. The algorithm works in the presence of matter fields. We here present results for the pure gravity case. The algorithm reproduces the theoretical expectations.Comment: LaTeX file, 16 pages, 7 LaTeX figures, preprints CERN-TH.7028/93, MS-TPI-93-0

Implementasi Program "Morning on Panglima Sudirman Street (MPSS)" Dalam Mengembangkan Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (Studi Pada Dinas Koperasi, Energi Mineral, Industri Dan Perdagangan Dan Bappeda Kota Probolinggo)

: Implementation Program “Morning on Panglima Sudirman Street (MPS2)” in Developing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Studies in the Department of Cooperatives, Energy Minerals, Industry dan Commerce and Bappeda Probolinggo). The research is based by problems of UMKM in the field of marketing so need for policies to assist the development of UMKM in marketing their products. One of the policies that are made is through the Morning program on Panglima Sudirman Street (MPS2). The research method used descriptive research with qualitative approach. The results of this research showed that policy implementation MPS2 sourced from Probolinggo Mayor with the originator of that unit Bappeda. Policy models that happen to be top down and bottom up since the policy came from the superior, but also the people involved at the time of the meeting to provide input to the government. Factors supporting the implementation of the policy is effective communication MPS2 each actor, the attitude of the people who are enthusiastic and UMKM entrepreneurs who continue to create. Meanwhile the more technical inhibiting factor like place and time limited parking ordering and arrangement. The suggests from this research is that more active dissemination of the mindset that the UMKM entrepreneurs in MPS2 promotional event they are better able to develop relationships and the need for firmness between SKPD to remind each other in the inclusion of a number of stand on free food coupon

Model Matematika Adsorpsi Zeolit Alam

Waste Water of electroplating industry contains various dangerous metal ion wich aredangerous for environment, for example Zinc and Nickel. The concentration of those heavy metal ioncan exeed quality standard value of waste water, therefore it needs to be processed before releasedto environmentIn this research, processing of Waste Water of electroplating industry was done by usingzeolite as metal ion adsorbent of Zn. This Research was done by using baffle tank .The purpose of this research was to get mathematics equation of Langmuir and of Freundlichzeolite absorption to Zn ion.. Specified conditions : waste water volume 200ml, baffle rotation 100rpm . with variable done were : Zeolite size, squealer time and zeolite weight. Waste water with zeolitewere swirled during certaintimer; then filtered and the content of Zn ion of the filtrate was analyzed.Early Concentration from waste water ( Zn 2+) is : 113,37 mg / lEquation acquire in this research for zeolite size 40 mesh were as follows :Freundlich equation : ln ( x / m) = 0,3268 c ln - 0,8284, with correlation coefficient of R2 = 0,9262 .While Langmuir equation was :24 , 169 485 , 25) / (+ − = Keyword : zeolite, waste of electroplating, adsorption, Zn ionwith R2 = 0,99. Based on equation above, zeolite requirement for reducing the content of Zn in electroplating waste water can be calculated, to the wantedconcentrationC m x

Labor and the Emerging World Economy

This paper explores the emergence of a world economy since 1950 and its implications for the world's labor force. There are five main sets of conclusions. First, the share of the world's labor force located in developing countries increased significantly between 1950 and 1990. Productivity differentials between high - and low-income countries did not decrease over time, and wage differentials were even larger than productivity differentials. These results suggest that whatever integration took place between the industrial and developing countries was insufficient to overcome the large differentials in labor force growth rates between them. Second, although the integration of national economies since 1950 has been considerable, the world economy is still in its adolescence. Rapid integration has occurred among the industrial economies, but integration among the developing economies and between the industrial and the developing economies has proceeded slowly. Third, international labor mobility can account for little, if any, economic integration since 1950. The economic integration that has been achieved is due mainly to the increased flow of capital across international boundaries and, more important, to the dramatic increase in trade, especially among the industrial countries. These developments have been driven by technological changes that have reduced the costs of transportation and communication, and by institutional changes that have reduced the barriers to international labor mobility. Fourth, these patterns of integration are associated with a sharp decline in income inequality among the industrial economies, but with some rise in world income inequality as the income gap between the industrial and developing countries has increased. Finally, the large increase in developing economies share of the world labor force projected for the next few decades will magnify their incentives to integrate more closely among themselves and with the industrial economies. World income per capital will be promoted by such integration, which is likely to occur through increased international trade and international relocation of jobs, not through a substantial rise in international labor mobility

Comparing the utilization and cost of health services between veterans experiencing brief and ongoing episodes of housing instability

Housing instability is associated with costly patterns of health and behavioral health service use. However, little prior research has examined patterns of service use associated with higher costs among those experiencing ongoing housing instability. To address this gap, we compared inpatient and outpatient medical and behavioral health service utilization and costs between veterans experiencing brief and ongoing episodes of housing instability. We used data from a brief screening instrument for homelessness and housing instability that has been implemented throughout the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system to identify a national sample of veterans experiencing housing instability. Veterans were classified as experiencing either brief or ongoing housing instability, based on two consecutive responses to the instrument, and we used a series of two-part regression models to conduct adjusted comparisons of costs between veterans experiencing brief and ongoing episodes of housing instability. Among 5794 veterans screening positive for housing instability, 4934 (85%) were experiencing brief and 860 (15%) ongoing instability. The average total annual incremental cost associated with ongoing versus brief episodes of housing instability was estimated at $7573, with the bulk of this difference found in inpatient services. Cost differences resulted more from a higher probability of service use among those experiencing ongoing episodes of housing instability than from higher costs among service users. Our findings suggest that VA programmatic efforts aimed at preventing extended episodes of housing instability could potentially result in substantial cost offsets for the VA health care system.This study was supported by funding from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Services Research & Development (HSR&D) grant IIR 13-334-3 and from the VA National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans