Passive, broadband and low-frequency suppression of laser amplitude noise to the shot-noise limit using hollow-core fibre

We use hollow-core fibre to preserve the spectrum and temporal profile of picosecond laser pulses in CBD to suppress 2.6 dB of amplitude noise at MHz noise frequencies, to within 0.01 dB of the shot-noise limit. We provide an enhanced version of the CBD scheme that concatenates circuits to suppress over multiple frequencies and over broad frequency ranges --- we perform a first demonstration that reduces total excess amplitude noise, between 2 - 6 MHz, by 85%. These demonstrations enable passive, broad-band, all-guided fibre laser technology operating at the shot-noise limit.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure

Race, Ethnicity, and Prosecution in Cook County, Illinois

The analyses reveal few differences in outcomes across racial/ ethnic groups in Cook County. When looking at case approval, dispositions, and charge reductions for all felony offenses combined, differences in the probability of specific outcomes by race/ethnicity are relatively small after accounting for other case factors such as offense severity or number of charges. For many decision points, differences in the probability of specific outcomes range from just 0 percentage points to 4 percentage points across racial/ethnic groups. When looking at specific offense types – person, weapons, property, drugs – differences in the probability of case approval, dispositions, and charge reductions across racial/ethnic groups remain relatively small. Differences in outcomes, however, are more pronounced when examining the use of alternative prosecution and the imposition of custodial sentences. For drug offenses, Black defendants are less likely than White defendants to be referred to an alternative prosecution program (e.g., deferred prosecution, drug court) – differences in the probability of entering an alternative prosecution are roughly 8 percentage points lower for Black defendants than for White defendants. In contrast, differences in the probability of entering an alternative prosecution program are just 2 percentage points lower for Hispanic defendants than for White defendants. In turn, for all offense types, Black defendants are more likely than White defendants to receive a custodial sentence following conviction – differences between Black and White defendants in the probability of custodial sentence range from 6 percentage points for property offenses to 21 percentage points for drug offenses. Again, the probability of receiving a custodial sentence following conviction is more similar for Hispanic and White defendants. Despite these findings, there are limitations to the analyses that prevent drawing strong conclusions. First, the analyses are unable to account for differences in defendant eligibility for alternative prosecution programs, defendant interest in such programs, economic or geographic barriers to participation in alternative prosecution programs – factors that may explain differences in outcomes across groups. Second, the analyses are unable to account for differences in defendant criminal history – a factor that affects both eligibility for alternative prosecution and the imposition of custodial sentences. Differences in criminal history across racial/ethnic groups likely explain much of the difference in custodial sentences across these groups; as such, these results should be viewed very cautiously. There are additional findings to consider beyond differences across racial/ethnic groups. For example, the no probable cause rates and dismissal rates for felony drug cases both appear to be high: roughly 11% of felony drug cases receive a finding of no probable cause and 32% are dismissed (nolle pros). Felony drug cases are unique since they are direct filed by law enforcement and do not go through felony review; thus, after case initiation or at preliminary hearing is the first opportunity a prosecutor has to review a case, which explains some of the higher rates. Relative to other offense types, however, the rates appear high even after accounting for the proportion of person, weapons, and property cases rejected at felony review. The findings suggest opportunities to conserve resources and reduce the burden on defendants by examining how felony drug cases enter the system and how long it takes to dismiss such cases

A Homodyne Detector Integrated onto a Photonic Chip for Measuring Quantum States and Generating Random Numbers

Data output from experiment and theory sub projects around quantum enhanced sensors. Using quantum states of light to enhance optical measurement precision and accuracy

Associations of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium with Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Analysis of 3 NHANES Cycles (2001–2006)

Increasing evidence suggests a role for mineral metabolism in cardiovascular disease risk. 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcium may be directly associated with cardiovascular risk factors or mediated by each other.We combined data for adult participants in three cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2, 2003-4, 2005-6), a representative sample of the civilian, non-institutionalized US population (N = 3,958). Using this data we examined joint associations of 25(OH)D, PTH and calcium with a range of cardiovascular risk factors. 25(OH)D was inversely associated with fasting insulin (mean difference in insulin per 1 standard deviation 25(OH)D: -0.053 (95%CI: -0.091, -0.015)), glucose (-0.046 95%CI: -0.081, -0.012) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (-0.032 95%CI: -0.062, -0.001), and positively associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-c (0.088 95%CI: 0.044, 0.148), after adjustment for ethnicity, smoking, socio-economic status and waist circumference. PTH was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure (0.110, 95%CI: 0.055, 0.164) in confounder adjusted models, but was not associated with other cardiovascular risk factors. Albumin adjusted calcium was associated with triglycerides (0.102 95%CI: 0.063, 0.141), postload glucose (0.078, 95%CI: 0.025, 0.130), fasting insulin (0.074, 95%CI: 0.044, 0.104), HbA1c (0.070, 95%CI: 0.036, 0.105), SBP (0.064, 95%CI: 0.028, 0.100), fasting glucose (0.055, 95%CI: 0.018, 0.092) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.052, 95%CI: 0.014, 0.091). With mutual adjustment for each other, these associations remained essentially unchanged.Lower levels of 25(OH)D and higher levels of calcium and PTH appear to be associated with different cardiovascular risk factors and may therefore affect cardiovascular disease risk through different mechanisms