Oxidative stress and proteolysis system in type 2 diabetes

Background: In establishing the diagnosis — type 2 diabetes, there is a trend of multiple increases every year, which is a health issue. According to the state register, the statistics of patients with diabetes in Russia is about 17% of the total population of the country. The prevalence of diabetes is steadily increasing every year. Today, diabetes mellitus is the leader among the prevalence of non-communicable diseases after cancer, cardiovascular diseases, often leading to disability and death.Aim: To study the relationship between oxidative stress and the «proteinase-inhibitor» system in diabetes mellitus 2.Materials and methods: An observational single-center single-stage sample study was conducted with the participation of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a control group (practically healthy individuals). the activity of elastase-, trypsin-like proteinases, α1-proteinase inhibitor, the content of bityrosine as an indicator of oxidative modification of proteins and the state of lipid peroxidation were determined by spectrophotometric method in all subjects in blood plasma: the concentrations of TBK-active products and antioxidants-the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase.Results: It was shown that in type 2 diabetes mellitus, the content of TBA of active products (an indicator of lipid peroxidation) increases by 2.34 times and the concentration of bityrosine — an indicator of oxidative modification of proteins, which was negatively dependent on the activity of a proteinase inhibitor (-0.79, p=0.03) increases by 7 times. A decrease in the activity of the proteinase inhibitor (by 23%) was accompanied by an increase in the activity of elastase — and trypsin-like proteinases, respectively, by 1.2 and 2.3 times, compared with practically healthy individuals. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase increased by 8.2 and 6.4 times, respectively.Conclusion: An increase in oxidative stress and oxidative modification of proteins is accompanied by a decrease in the activity of the proteinase inhibitor and an increase in the activity of elastase-, trypsin-like proteinases, as well as antioxidant enzymes

Risk factors for urinary incontinence in patients undergoing radical robot-assisted prostatectomy

Introduction. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers among men, and the tactic to treat this disease stage-depends directly. The “gold” standard for localized PCa is radical robot-assisted prostatectomy (RARP). Patients often have excessive surgery requirements and are concerned about the development of postoperative complications. One of the most frequent functional complications after this operation is urinary incontinence (UI), whose formation mechanism is not fully understood. Clinical studies have described many UI predisposing factors, but the results obtained are often contradictory, which requires a repeated and deeper study of the issue.Objective. To identify predisposing factors for urinary incontinence in patients undergoing radical robot-assisted prostatectomy.Materials & methods. The search results for the scientific databases PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library and PEDro, Wang-fang Database and CNKI, Edline were analyzed for the queries "robot-assisted prostatectomy", "radical prostatectomy", "incontinence", "predictors", "urinary incontinence".Results. The predisposing factors to UI after RARP were studied. The review discusses and illustrates in detail all known predisposing factors for UI and shows the inconsistency of the data obtained by different researchers, which once again emphasizes the need for further study of this issue.Conclusion. Despite the long history of studying postoperative complications of RARP, reliable and consistent data on all the risks of UI after RARP have not yet been obtained. Therefore, this literature review summarizes and analyzes the results of the latest research in recent years

On Validating an Astrophysical Simulation Code

We present a case study of validating an astrophysical simulation code. Our study focuses on validating FLASH, a parallel, adaptive-mesh hydrodynamics code for studying the compressible, reactive flows found in many astrophysical environments. We describe the astrophysics problems of interest and the challenges associated with simulating these problems. We describe methodology and discuss solutions to difficulties encountered in verification and validation. We describe verification tests regularly administered to the code, present the results of new verification tests, and outline a method for testing general equations of state. We present the results of two validation tests in which we compared simulations to experimental data. The first is of a laser-driven shock propagating through a multi-layer target, a configuration subject to both Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities. The second test is a classic Rayleigh-Taylor instability, where a heavy fluid is supported against the force of gravity by a light fluid. Our simulations of the multi-layer target experiments showed good agreement with the experimental results, but our simulations of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability did not agree well with the experimental results. We discuss our findings and present results of additional simulations undertaken to further investigate the Rayleigh-Taylor instability.Comment: 76 pages, 26 figures (3 color), Accepted for publication in the ApJ

METHODS OF TIGHTNESS CONTROL OF FUEL CLADDINGS ON THE IVV-2M NUCLEAR RESEARCH REACTOR

The methods of checking the tightness of fuel claddings on the IVV-2M nuclear research reactor are described. The characteristics of method for determination of uranium-235 concentration are presented

Фармакоэкономические аспекты применения перорального винорелбина: анализ влияния на бюджет в условиях нового ценообразования после обязательной перерегистрации

Objective: comparative assessment of the economic effect of oral vinorelbine when used as indicated, taking into consideration the new registered price.Material and methods. A clinical-economic study was performed to compare active platinum-containing chemotherapy regimens of the first line for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer with oral vinorelbine and pemetrexed as well as first-line chemotherapy regimens for metastatic breast cancer presented with oral vinorelbine and ixabepilone alone. A systematic search for information in medical databases was carried out, the cost estimate was made out in accordance with the recommendations of The Center for Healthcare Quality Assessment and Control of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The direct medical costs were estimated, formed on the basis of the dosage, frequency and dosage regimen of the compared drugs, based on the data of the State Register of maximum selling prices, clinical guidelines for the studied nosologies, and instructions for medical use. The comparison of the economic effect of the studied drugs was carried out in pairs using the cost minimization method with a sensitivity analysis. Further, the calculations of the amounts of reimbursement of medical care provided were made using each of the compared drugs. An economic assessment of the economic effect of oral vinorelbine was carried out taking into consideration the change in the price of the drug and a budget impact analysis with a sensitivity analysis.Results. It was determined that the use of oral vinorelbine provides financial savings for a medical organization at the amount of 246,042.34 rubles per 6 cycles of chemotherapy for each patient with stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer compared with the use of pemetrexed, and 558,659.32 rubles per year – for the treatment of each patient with metastatic breast cancer compared with ixabepilone. The results of the budget impact analysis showed that the indication of oral vinorelbine saved 3,287,470.56 rubles for the budget fund considering the change in the cost of 1 mg of the drug for a hypothetical population of patients with stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer in 1000 people. This would create the possibility of therapy for additional 15 patients with this diagnosis. The indication of oral vinorelbine in first-line chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer for a similar target population would save 18,355,043.96 rubles for the budget fund, which makes it possible to treat 15 more patients with this diagnosis.Conclusion. The use of oral vinorelbine is associated with the saving of financial resources of a medical organization. In addition, the reimbursement for medical care provided from the compulsory medical insurance funds when using regimens with oral vinorelbine is primarily lower than for comparison drugs. Thus, the use of regimens with oral vinorelbine is more beneficial for the payer (the Federal Compulsory Health Insurance Fund) and for the medical organization. The change in the cost of the drug is associated with an increase in the availability of medical care for patients with stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer and patients with metastatic breast cancer.Цель: сравнительная оценка экономического эффекта перорального винорелбина при применении по показаниям с учетом новой зарегистрированной цены.Материал и методы. В рамках клинико-экономического исследования сопоставлены активные платиносодержащие режимы химиотерапии первой линии немелкоклеточного рака легкого IV ст., с пероральным винорелбином и пеметрекседом, а также схемы химиотерапии первой линии метастатического рака молочной железы, представленные пероральным винорелбином и иксабепилоном в монорежиме. Проведен систематический поиск информации в медицинских базах данных, оценка затрат выполнена в соответствии с рекомендациями Центра экспертизы и контроля качества медицинской помощи Минздрава России. Оценены прямые медицинские затраты, сформированные с учетом дозировки, кратности и режима дозирования препаратов сравнения на основании данных Государственного реестра предельных отпускных цен, клинических руководств по исследуемым нозологиям, инструкций по медицинскому применению. Сопоставление экономического эффекта препаратов сравнения выполнено попарно по методу минимизации затрат с анализом чувствительности. Далее проведены расчеты сумм возмещения оказанной медицинской помощи с использованием каждого из препаратов сравнения. Выполнены оценка экономического эффекта перорорального винорелбина с учетом изменения цены на препарат, анализ влияния на бюджет с анализом чувствительности.Результаты. Определено, что применение перорального винорелбина создает экономию финансовых средств медицинской организации 246 042,34 руб. в расчете на 6 циклов химиотерапии для каждого пациента с немелкоклеточным раком легкого IV ст. по сравнению с использованием пеметрекседа и 558 659,32 руб. в год при терапии каждой пациентки с метастатическим раком молочной железы по сравнению с применением иксабепилона. Результаты анализа влияния на бюджет свидетельствуют, что при использовании перорального винорелбина с учетом изменения стоимости 1 мг препарата для гипотетической популяции больных немелкоклеточным раком легкого IV ст. численностью 1 тыс. человек происходит экономия средств бюджета 3 287 470,56 руб., что создает возможность терапии дополнительно 15 пациентов с данным диагнозом. При применении перорального винорелбина в химиотерапии первой линии метастатического рака молочной железы на аналогичную целевую популяцию происходит экономия средств бюджета размером 18 355 043,96 руб., что создает возможность для терапии 15 пациенток с данным диагнозом.Заключение. Применение перорального винорелбина связано с экономией финансовых средств медицинской организации. Помимо этого, суммы возмещения оказанной медицинской помощи из средств обязательного медицинского страхования (ОМС) при использовании схем с пероральным винорелбином в большинстве случаев меньше, чем при терапии препаратами сравнения. Таким образом, применение схем с пероральным винорелбином является более выгодными для плательщика, в роли которого выступает Федеральный фонд ОМС, и для медицинской организации. Изменение стоимости препарата ассоциировано с повышением доступности медицинской помощи для больных немелкоклеточным раком легкого IV ст. и пациенток с метастатическим раком молочной железы

Опыт применения георадарных подповерхностных исследований в западной части российского сектора Арктики

The western part of the Russian Arctic sector accumulates more than 300 industrial objects which are considered as critical and require regular observations and monitoring. The paper observes experience and presents cases of georadar studies performed by the Mining Institute KSC RAS on mining enterprises, hydrotechnical facilities, linear extended objects, ditches and construction sites, as well as for identifying and tracing underground engineering communications.В западной части российского сектора Арктики сосредоточено более 300 промышленных объектов, которые отнесены к категории особо ответственных и требуют регулярных обследований и мониторинга. Рассмотрен опыт и приведены примеры георадарных исследований Горного института КНЦ РАН на горных предприятиях, гидротехнических сооружениях, линейно протяженных объектах, котлованах и площадках для строительства, а также для идентификации и трассирования подземных инженерных коммуникаций