Pemikiran Johan Galtung tentang Kekerasan dalam Perspektif Feminisme

This article aims to analyze the gender aspects in Johan Galtung thought about Violence. Johan Galtung conception of violence, namely, direct violence, structural violence, and cultural violence was comprehensive enough to observe violence at all levels, including gender-based violence. The issue of violence appeal to feminists because of violence against women is a mechanism of subordination of women. Violence against women has an impact not only for women victims but also women in general, which ultimately in the lives of women always feel threatened by numerous acts of violence in public and private sphere. Using the sociology of knowledge, this article seeks the connection between Johan Galtung’s thought and his life background. The research method is a qualitative method with literature study used secondary data. This article found that there are similarities between Johan Galtung thought with numerous streams of feminism that ever existed. Telling about direct violence, Johan Galtung puts women at enmity with men on one hand. On the other hand, the structure and culture of patriarchy that have existed in society also become violent themselves. In its efforts to realize peace, Johan Galtung wants the equality between the sexes, where there are cooperation and a balance of roles between men and women who all of them lead to the peace process. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa aspek gender dalam pemikiran Johan Galtung tentang kekerasan. Konsep kekerasan Johan Galtung yang meliputi kekerasan langsung, kekerasan struktural, dan kekerasan kultural, cukup komprehensif untuk melihat kekerasan di semua tingkat, termasuk kekerasan berbasis gender. Isu kekerasan menarik bagi feminis karena kekerasan terhadap perempuan merupakan mekanisme subordinasi perempuan. Kekerasan terhadap perempuan tidak hanya berdampak pada korban, tapi juga perempuan pada umumnya, yang pada akhirnya dalam kehidupan perempuan selalu merasa terancam oleh berbagai tindakan kekerasan di ranah publik dan privat. Dengan menggunakan sosiologi pengetahuan, artikel ini mencoba menganalisis hubungan antara Johan Galtung dan latar belakang kehidupannya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif, dengan studi literatur menggunakan data sekunder. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ada kesamaan antara pemikiran Johan Galtung dengan berbagai aliran feminisme yang pernah ada. Berbicara tentang kekerasan langsung, Johan Galtung menempatkan perempuan berhadapan dengan laki-laki yang merupakan pelaku kekerasan. Di sisi lain, struktur dan budaya patriarki yang ada di masyarakat juga merupakan bentuk kekerasan, di mana struktur yang keras, dilegitimasi oleh budaya kekerasan menciptakan lingkungan yang penuh kekerasan. Dalam upayanya mewujudkan perdamaian, Johan Galtung menginginkan persamaan antara jenis kelamin, di mana ada kerjasama dan keseimbangan peran antara pria dan wanita yang semuanya mengarah pada proses perdamaian.</p

GENDER MAINSTREAMING DALAM PEACEKEEPING OPERATION PBB DI TIMOR LESTE (UNTAET, UNMISET, DAN UNOTIL)

Gender mainstreaming includes all operations in a peacekeeping operation, including disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, rule of law, elections and capacity building of national institutions. UNTAET, United Nations peacekeeping mission in East Timor is the first who have Gender Affairs Unit (GAU), followed by a mission of UNMISET and UNOTIL. GAU address to issues gender mainstreaming in its operations. The most obvious impact of the UN peacekeeping mission on gender relations in Timor Leste is in the cultural promotion of equality. This is reflected in the framework of the Constitution and laws such as the National Development Plan in which construct equality between men and women. Through the ratification of CEDAW, the changes in society can be seen in the last five years in which enlarger involvement of women in the public area, including increased participation of women in the economy, politics and government.Keywords : gender mainstreaming, peacekeeping operatio

Pemikiran Politik Perempuan Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) dalam Perspektif Feminisme: Penelusuran Pemikiran Mainstream dan Non-Mainstream

This study aims to identify the appropriate perspective to describe non-mainstream feminist political thought of NU women. The authors found that political thought of NU women were categorized into the mainstream and non-mainstream thinking. Thought mainstream covers many of the issues associated with formal politics of women, gender equality, as well as sexuality. Mainstream thinkers give prescriptions on such issue through formal state politics and in public areas. While the women's non-mainstream political thought, although identifying the source and impact of the oppression of women is equal to mainstream thinking, they leave notes and analysis of different approaches. This study attempts to framing NU diverse political thought throught the four schools of feminism, the liberal feminism, marxist feminism, socialist feminism and radical feminism. This study found that the ideas of radical feminism turned out to give space to the explanation of political thought NU women's non-mainstream, where they tend to emerge from the lower classes, and not formally organized

MODEL PEMBERDAYAAN PEREMPUAN BERBASIS KEBUTUHAN STRATEGIS GENDER

This qualitative research is describes the strategic gender needs in the community PTPN XII Kebun Silosanen worker.  While the specific purpose of this research is to find a model of women's empowerment based strategic gender needs. The location chosen for this is Silosanen coffee plantations managed by PTPN XII Silo Jember, citing the quiet absorption of labor in plantations is quite large, reaching 1479 people. Data collection methods used were interviews, observation, literature, documentation studies and focus group discussion.

Indonesia’s Political Position on the Protection Policy of Migrant Workers in ASEAN

As a sending country of migrant workers in ASEAN, Indonesia has a weaker bargain than the receiving countries. This is in line with the thoughts of Marxist Feminism arguing that within the structure of a capitalist society, the owners of the capital, in which context are the receiving countries, have more power to control the factors of production. Indonesia has weak bargaining power, so Indonesia's political position in protecting its migrant workers in ASEAN has never changed. It has always been a follower country. One instance of the studies investigating the position was conducted by Amelia (2013) with their political position indicator. The researcher divides the country’s political position into the first country, the follower country, the satellite country, and the independent country. This study aims to examine Indonesia’s political position in the protection policies of Indonesian migrant workers in ASEAN. This study is framed by qualitative method with case study and interpretative analysis. The results of this study indicate that Indonesia’s political position on its migrant worker protection policies can be categorized into a follower country

Efektivitas Peacekeeping Operation Uni Afrika pada Konflik Darfur 2004 - 2007

Abstract .African Union Peacekeeping Operation in Darfur conflict or more known as African Mission in Sudan (AMIS) is one of African Union’s efforts to resolve the conflict in Darfur. This mission aimed to stop the ongoing violence between the government of Sudan and rebellious groups in Darfur that had caused the deaths of thousands of civilians since 2003. The Darfur conflict was originated from a competition due to the lack of natural resources; however, over the years, conflict Darfur evolved into a conflict regarding equality between two major groups in Africa, that is, Africans and non-Africans. Darfur is a state under the regional organization of African Union, so the African Union felt to have the responsibility to intervene the conflict in Darfur. African Union’s decision to intervene the conflict was prompted by African Union’s article that stated that African Union has the right to intervene a member of the union if in the case of genocide, war or crimes against humanity. AMIS started its operation in July 2004 and consisted of about 150 military armies. However, through the years AMIS continuously experienced an increase in the number of military components and in 2007 AMIS had 7000 military personnel in Darfur. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of AMIS in resolving the Darfur conflict. The research used deductive method&nbsp;&nbsp

Ruang Pembebasan Sebagai Politik Perlawanan Perempuan NU

Artikel ini adalah tentang perlawanan politik perempuan NU, yang ditelusuri dengan mengidentifikasi pemikiran dan tindakan mereka untuk membebaskan diri dari kekerasan. Tujuan dari karya ilmiah ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi (1) pemikiran para perempuan NU mainstream dan non-mainstream tentang kekerasan, (2) tindakan apa yang diambil oleh perempuan NU mainstream dan non-mainstream sebagai preskripsi untuk membebaskan perempuan dari kekerasan. Penelitian ini melihat politik mikro dan politik informal, dengan menekankan kepada individu perempuan, sejalan dengan semboyan dari kaum feminis, yakni the personal is political. Dengan menggunakan perspektif Feminis Postmodern dan model Carnivalesque dari Mikhail Bakhtin, penulis mengidentifikasi perlawanan yang dibuat oleh perempuan NU non-mainstream. Karya ilmiah ini menemukan bahwa pemikiran perempuan NU non-mainstream menafsirkan kekerasan sebagai hal yang bersifat spasial. Oleh karena itu solusi yang ditawarkan untuk membebaskan perempuan dari kekerasan adalah dengan menghindari ruang dimana ia mendapatkan kekerasan dan dengan menciptakan ruang untuk pembebasan. Ruang pembebasan ini berupa forum-forum informal yang ada dilingkungan dimana mereka tinggal dan beraktifitas.[This article is about the political resistance of NU women, which is carried out by raising thoughts and actions in order to free themselves from violence. The purpose of this work is to identify (1) the thoughts of mainstream and non-mainstream NU women about violence, (2) what actions were taken by mainstream and non-mainstream NU women as prescripts to liberate women from the violence. This study looking at micro politics, informal politics, by emphasizing the personal is political. With the Postmodern Feminist perspective and the Carnivalesque model from Mikhail Bakhtin, the author identifies the resistance made by non-mainstream NU women. This scientific work found that the thoughts of non-mainstream NU women interpreted violence as spatial, and therefore the solutions offered were in the form of efforts to get out of the space of violence and create a space for liberation take advantage of informal forums around them.

ASPEK GENDER DALAM PEMIKIRAN JOHAN GALTUNG TENTANG KEKERASAN

This research aims to analyze the gender aspects in the Johan Galtung thought about Violence. Johan Galtung conception of violence, namely, direct violence, structural violence and cultural violence was comprehensive enough to observe violence at all levels, including gender-based violence. The issue of violence appeal to feminists because of violence against women is a mechanism of subordination of women. Violence against women have an impact not only for women victims, but also women in general, which ultimately in the lives of women always feel threatened by numerous acts of violence in public and private sphere. This research using the sociology of knowledge to analize the connection of thought Johan Galtung with his life background. Johan Galtung is a peace activist which often confronted with facts that put the violence of men as perpetrators and women as victims, although it did not rule out women who are also perpetrators of violence. Therefore Johan Galtung found it necessary to include gender aspects in his study of violence. The research method used is a qualitative method, with literature study used secondary data from books, journals, documents, articles and internet data. As the result on this research found that there are similarities as to whether Johan Galtung thought with numerous streams of feminism that never existed. Telling about direct violence, Johan Galtung puts women at enmity with men. On the other hand, the structure and culture of patriarchy that exist in society also become violent themselves, where the structure of the harsh, legitimized by cultural violence makes violent surroundings. In its efforts to realize peace, Johan Galtung want the equality between the sexes, where there is cooperation and a balance of roles between men and women who all of them lead to the peace process