The general fault in our fault lines

Pervading global narratives suggest that political polarization is increasing, yet the accuracy of such group meta-perceptions has been drawn into question. A recent US study suggests that these beliefs are inaccurate and drive polarized beliefs about out-groups. However, it also found that informing people of inaccuracies reduces those negative beliefs. In this work, we explore whether these results generalize to other countries. To achieve this, we replicate two of the original experiments with 10,207 participants across 26 countries. We focus on local group divisions, which we refer to as fault lines. We find broad generalizability for both inaccurate meta-perceptions and reduced negative motive attribution through a simple disclosure intervention. We conclude that inaccurate and negative group meta-perceptions are exhibited in myriad contexts and that informing individuals of their misperceptions can yield positive benefits for intergroup relations. Such generalizability highlights a robust phenomenon with implications for political discourse worldwide

Low frequency observations of linearly polarized structures in the interstellar medium near the south Galactic pole

This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article published in The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it. The Version of Record is available online at https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/830/1/38We present deep polarimetric observations at 154 MHz with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), covering 625 deg^2 centered on RA=0 h, Dec=-27 deg. The sensitivity available in our deep observations allows an in-band, frequency-dependent analysis of polarized structure for the first time at long wavelengths. Our analysis suggests that the polarized structures are dominated by intrinsic emission but may also have a foreground Faraday screen component. At these wavelengths, the compactness of the MWA baseline distribution provides excellent snapshot sensitivity to large-scale structure. The observations are sensitive to diffuse polarized emission at ~54' resolution with a sensitivity of 5.9 mJy beam^-1 and compact polarized sources at ~2.4' resolution with a sensitivity of 2.3 mJy beam^-1 for a subset (400 deg^2) of this field. The sensitivity allows the effect of ionospheric Faraday rotation to be spatially and temporally measured directly from the diffuse polarized background. Our observations reveal large-scale structures (~1 deg - 8 deg in extent) in linear polarization clearly detectable in ~2 minute snapshots, which would remain undetectable by interferometers with minimum baseline lengths >110 m at 154 MHz. The brightness temperature of these structures is on average 4 K in polarized intensity, peaking at 11 K. Rotation measure synthesis reveals that the structures have Faraday depths ranging from -2 rad m^-2 to 10 rad m^-2 with a large fraction peaking at ~+1 rad m^-2. We estimate a distance of 51+/-20 pc to the polarized emission based on measurements of the in-field pulsar J2330-2005. We detect four extragalactic linearly polarized point sources within the field in our compact source survey. Based on the known polarized source population at 1.4 GHz and non-detections at 154 MHz, we estimate an upper limit on the depolarization ratio of 0.08 from 1.4 GHz to 154 MHz.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Evaluation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a chemotherapeutic agent: mechanism of cell death

Nutrient deprivation has been shown to cause cancer cell death. To exploit nutrient deprivation as anti-cancer therapy, we investigated the effects of the anti-metabolite 2-deoxy-D-glucose on breast cancer cells in vitro. This compound has been shown to inhibit glucose metabolism. Treatment of human breast cancer cell lines with 2-deoxy-D-glucose results in cessation of cell growth in a dose dependent manner. Cell viability as measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide conversion assay and clonogenic survival are decreased with 2-deoxy-D-glucose treatment indicating that 2-deoxy-D-glucose causes breast cancer cell death. The cell death induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose was found to be due to apoptosis as demonstrated by induction of caspase 3 activity and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Breast cancer cells treated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose express higher levels of Glut1 transporter protein as measured by Western blot analysis and have increased glucose uptake compared to non-treated breast cancer cells. From these results we conclude that 2-deoxy-D-glucose treatment causes death in human breast cancer cell lines by the activation of the apoptotic pathway. Our data suggest that breast cancer cells treated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose accelerate their own demise by initially expressing high levels of glucose transporter protein, which allows increased uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and subsequent induction of cell death. These data support the targeting of glucose metabolism as a site for chemotherapeutic intervention by agents such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose

Low frequency observations of linearly polarized structures in the interstellar medium near the south Galactic pole

We present deep polarimetric observations at 154 MHz with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), covering 625 deg^2 centered on RA=0 h, Dec=-27 deg. The sensitivity available in our deep observations allows an in-band, frequency-dependent analysis of polarized structure for the first time at long wavelengths. Our analysis suggests that the polarized structures are dominated by intrinsic emission but may also have a foreground Faraday screen component. At these wavelengths, the compactness of the MWA baseline distribution provides excellent snapshot sensitivity to large-scale structure. The observations are sensitive to diffuse polarized emission at ~54' resolution with a sensitivity of 5.9 mJy beam^-1 and compact polarized sources at ~2.4' resolution with a sensitivity of 2.3 mJy beam^-1 for a subset (400 deg^2) of this field. The sensitivity allows the effect of ionospheric Faraday rotation to be spatially and temporally measured directly from the diffuse polarized background. Our observations reveal large-scale structures (~1 deg - 8 deg in extent) in linear polarization clearly detectable in ~2 minute snapshots, which would remain undetectable by interferometers with minimum baseline lengths >110 m at 154 MHz. The brightness temperature of these structures is on average 4 K in polarized intensity, peaking at 11 K. Rotation measure synthesis reveals that the structures have Faraday depths ranging from -2 rad m^-2 to 10 rad m^-2 with a large fraction peaking at ~+1 rad m^-2. We estimate a distance of 51+/-20 pc to the polarized emission based on measurements of the in-field pulsar J2330-2005. We detect four extragalactic linearly polarized point sources within the field in our compact source survey. Based on the known polarized source population at 1.4 GHz and non-detections at 154 MHz, we estimate an upper limit on the depolarization ratio of 0.08 from 1.4 GHz to 154 MHz.Astronom

Influence of antenatal macro-nutrient and food group intakes on small for gestational age babies in South Indian women

Background: The incidence of small for gestational age babies (SGA) is high in India (~30 %). The cause of SGA is multi-factorial, with a number of nutrients having a critical role. While maternal energy and protein have been a focus of attention, intakes of certain food groups have also shown to be related to birthweight. Objective: To uncover relationships of macronutrients and food group intakes with SGA in Indian pregnant women. Design: A cohort of 637 singleton pregnant women was studied at each trimester until delivery. Dietary and food group intake was measured by a 3-month food frequency questionnaire and maternal anthropometry recorded at each trimester. Birth outcome was recorded at hospital delivery. Results: The mean energy, protein, fat intakes were 2111kcal/d, 61.4, 56.9g/d, with median intake of cereals, fish, eggs and milk products as 256.2, 1.61, 10.5, 268.1g/d during pregnancy. The pregnant women met the protein requirements in the 1st and were close to the 2nd trimester requirements. The mean birthweight was 2.8kg and 28.8% of the babies were born SGA. Mother's of SGA babies weighed less as compared to the mother's of non SGA babies in all 3 trimesters. They also had significantly lower energy adjusted protein and fat intakes in the 2nd trimester and had low intakes of milk products and cereal by ~71 and 28 g/d. A logistic regression model adjusting for maternal and antenatal factors in the 2nd trimester, showed that mother's in the lowest tertile of protein intake had 3.06 times (95% CI: 1.51, 6.22) higher risk of developing a SGA baby.Conclusion: Our findings confirm that protein and fat intakes during 2nd trimester are significant determinants of SGA. Importantly, the data suggest that a renewed focus on improving milk and cereal intake would assist public health nutrition measures in combating this serious issue

Influence of Maternal Dietary Calcium Intake on Pregnanacy Induced Hypertension and Preterm Births

Calcium intakes during pregnancy may play an important role in attenuating pregnancy induced hypertension(PIH) and in determining pre-term birth (<37 weeks of gestation). Routine calcium supplementation is in partadvocated for these reasons. The primary objective was to explore the relationship between dietary calcium,supplemental calcium and calcium rich food groups with pre-term births and to characterize the prevalence of PIHin a population that is routinely prescribed with calcium supplements. A cohort of 637 pregnant women wasprospectively studied at each trimester until delivery. Dietary intakes from a food frequency questionnaire,compliance to calcium supplement intake, presence of PIH, pre-eclampsia and birth outcomes at delivery wererecorded. Approximately 13.5% women were diagnosed with gestational hypertension (7.1% mild PIH, 5.5% PIHand 0.9% with pre-eclampsia). A higher proportion of pre-term babies were born to women with PIH (27.1%versus 7.3%; p<0.001) as compared to normotensive mothers. Mothers of pre-term babies had significantly lowerenergy adjusted calcium intakes ~87 mg/d (p=0.033) and calcium rich food groups ~141 g/d (p=0.012) in the 3rdtrimester of pregnancy as compared to the mothers of term babies. Similar trends for low calcium intake and lowcalcium rich food group intake was noted in women with PIH as compared to non PIH women. This studyhighlights that routine supplementation of calcium (1000 mg/d) may not abolish the inverse associations betweencalcium and calcium rich food group intakes with PIH and pre-term births. Substantiation of these findings would necessitate a re-examination of public health guidelines for pregnancy