Girls’ and women’s education within Unesco and the World Bank, 1945–2000

By 2000, girls’ and women’s education was a priority for international development organisations. While studies have examined the impact of recent campaigns and programmes, there has been less exploration of ideas about girls’ and women’s education within development thought in the immediate post?colonial period, and the political mechanisms through which this came to be a global concern. Through a study of policy documents, this paper investigates how the education of girls and women came to be prioritised within the two principle UN agencies involved with education since 1945, the World Bank and Unesco. A shift in priorities is evident, from ensuring formal rights and improving the status of women, to expanding the productive capacities of women, fertility control and poverty reduction. While the ascendance of human capital theory provided a space for a new perception of the role of women’s education in development, in other policy arenas women’s education was central to exploring more substantive, rights?based notions of gender equality. Ultimately, the goal of improving girls’ and women’s education fitted into diverse development agendas, paving the way for it to become a global development priority

Who stands in the way of women? Open vs. closed lists and candidate gender in Estonia

The literature on women's descriptive representation has looked at the debate on open and closed lists as a choice between electoral systems. This article instead focuses on whether voters or the parties are biased against female candidates. Using data from six Estonian elections, the article finds that voters are not consistently biased against female candidates and open lists do not necessarily decrease women's representation. However, unknown and non-incumbent female candidates fare significantly worse than similar men. The analysis also shows that parties do not place women in electable positions on closed lists, and closed lists do not improve women's representation

Modelo econométrico para la toma de decisiones aplicado al cultivo del café

Se estudió mediante modelos econométricos el efecto (físico y económico), en los rendimientos del café, de cuatro variables manejables: atenciones culturales, edad del cultivo, plagas y enfermedades, y porcentaje de población; además de una variable no manejable: la lluvia. Se construyó un modelo econométrico de los cinco factores— considerados fundamentales por los expertos— para medir el impacto de cada uno de ellos en el crecimiento de la producción y de los ingresos. Se obtuvo que todos los factores aumentan el rendimiento, pero el único que tiene un efecto progresivo es atenciones culturales y se comprobó que el incremento en las ganancias inducido por este factor es el más elevado. Se propuso un orden de prioridad para la asignación de los escasos recursos laborales y financieros, entre los diferentes factores, que permite alcanzar mejores resultados que en otros lugares; u otros años anteriores en el mismo lugar

The workings of the single member plurality electoral system in India and the need for reform

India uses single member plurality system (SMPS) to elect the members of the lower house of its national parliament and the state assemblies. Under SMPS, elections are conducted for separate geographical areas, known as constituencies or districts, and the electors cast one vote each for a candidate with the winner being the candidate who gets the plurality of votes. SMPS is traditionally defended primarily on the grounds of simplicity and its tendency to produce winning candidates, which promotes a link between constituents and their representatives. It tends to provide a clear-cut choice for voters between two main parties, and is expected to gives rise to single-party rather than coalition governments. It also has the benefit of excluding extremist parties from gaining representation, unless their support is geographically concentrated

Meeting report: a hard look at the state of enamel research.

The Encouraging Novel Amelogenesis Models and Ex vivo cell Lines (ENAMEL) Development workshop was held on 23 June 2017 at the Bethesda headquarters of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Discussion topics included model organisms, stem cells/cell lines, and tissues/3D cell culture/organoids. Scientists from a number of disciplines, representing institutions from across the United States, gathered to discuss advances in our understanding of enamel, as well as future directions for the field

Modelo econométrico para la toma de decisiones aplicado al cultivo del café

Se estudió mediante modelos econométricos el efecto (físico y económico), en los rendimientos del café, de cuatro variables manejables: atenciones culturales, edad del cultivo, plagas y enfermedades, y porcentaje de población; además de una variable no manejable: la lluvia. Se construyó un modelo econométrico de los cinco factores— considerados fundamentales por los expertos— para medir el impacto de cada uno de ellos en el crecimiento de la producción y de los ingresos. Se obtuvo que todos los factores aumentan el rendimiento, pero el único que tiene un efecto progresivo es atenciones culturales y se comprobó que el incremento en las ganancias inducido por este factor es el más elevado. Se propuso un orden de prioridad para la asignación de los escasos recursos laborales y financieros, entre los diferentes factores, que permite alcanzar mejores resultados que en otros lugares; u otros años anteriores en el mismo lugar