Improvement in Fluid Loss Control and Viscosity of Water-based drilling Mud under High Temperature and Sodium Chloride Salt Conditions using Nanohydroxyapatite

It is difficult to drill efficiently with bentonite (BN)-based mud (BN-WBM) or water-based muds (WBMs) in high-salt electrolytes and deep wells. This is because the fluid's rheological parameters and filtration properties change in undesirable ways, affecting the well's production efficiency. To fix this, a high-salt and high-temperature-resistant nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHAp) additive was designed using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). 0.1 to 0.5 wt% nanoHAp was added to WBMs, and a salt-resistant BN-WBM with nanoHAp was formulated with 4.8 wt% BN, 5.0 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl), and 0.5 wt% nanoHAp. At 25, 150, 180, and 210° C, the filtration and rheological characteristics of the drilling muds were evaluated. The findings revealed that between 25 and 210° C, nanoHAp increased the viscosity of the WBM by 15–139% at a 1021 s-1 shear rate. It also controlled the fluid loss of the WBM from 12.1-44.6 mL to 6.7-21.8 mL at all temperatures. It serves as an anti-salt agent by decreasing the NaCl-contaminated BN's viscosity by 57% compared to the reference value of 20.8 mPa. s at a shear rate of 1021 s-1. Further, it reduced the fluid loss by 56.8%, from 169 mL to 73 mL at 210° C. The nanoHAp surface has anionic sulphate head groups of SDS that efficiently attach to the BN surface. This keeps the Na+ ions from attacking the plate-like structure of the BN. This study reveals that nanoHAp has the capacity to inhibit BN coalescence and flocculation under saturated Na+ solutions and at high temperatures

Effect of Nanoparticles in Drilling Fluids on the Transportation of Different Cutting Sizes in a Rotating Horizontal Pipe

: Cutting transport is difficult in horizontal borehole regions due to the limited axial velocity distribution. This causes transported cuttings to gravitate to the bottom, generating cutting beds and leading to drilling mishaps. Water-based mud (WBM) that includes nanoparticles (NPs) to determine the cutting transport ratio (CTR) performance using copper II oxide (CuO), aluminium oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) in a horizontal borehole needs further investigation. These NPs ability to transport 0.80–3.60 mm cutting sizes was tested using concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 g circulated through a horizontal annulus at 3.5 m/s and 120 rpm. With 2.0 g, MgO lowered the viscosity by 60%, whereas SiO2, CuO, and Al2O3 increased it by 49%, 10%, and 87%, respectively. CuO NP decreased the fluid loss (FLAPI) the best, followed by MgO, SiO2, and Al2O3. The FLAPI of the WBM, which was 9.4 mL, dropped to 4.8, 5.1, 7.4, and 8.2 mL with CuO, MgO, SiO2, and Al2O3 NPs, respectively. The CTR performance of the NPs increased with concentration and decreased with increasing cutting size. CuO, having less viscosity than Al2O3 and SiO2, carried the most cutting at all concentrations and sizes. It increased the CTR by 28.8–31.1%, whereas Al2O3 and SiO2 increased it by 22.7–26.7% and 16.7–22.2%, respectively. The lowest increase was 13.6–17.8% for MgO NP. This study demonstrates the favourable impact of NP concentrations on the performance of drilling fluids while presenting many choices for the selection of NPs

Rheological and filtration control performance of water-based drilling muds at different temperatures and salt contaminants using surfactant-assisted novel nanohydroxyapatite

Today, the high-performance rheological and filtration properties of nanosized particles (NPs) in water-based muds (WBMs) are continuously reported. Nevertheless, NP's properties performance at different temperatures and salt environments, specifically the salt-screening process, needs additional knowledge. Hence, this study developed a WBM system using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-assisted nanohydroxyapatite (Nano-HAp) for different temperatures and salt contaminants. The impacts of the newly-produced Nano-HAp on the density, pH, rheology, and filtration characteristics of WBM at 298 K and 353 K were examined. The effects of salt cations (Ca2+/Na+) on a bentonite-based suspension (BN-WBM) at 298 K and 393 K and SDS-aided Nano-HAp as a salt-tolerant ingredient in drilling muds were also examined. The Herschel-Buckley and Power law models best described SDS-aided Nano-HAp drilling mud's rheology at 298 K and 353 K, respectively. Nano-HAp improved the rheological and filtration capabilities in salt and water solutions at 298 K, 353 K, and 393 K, making it a perfect field additive. 1.0 g of SDS-aided Nano-HAp is recommended, and it is thermally very stable, according to the thermal gravimetric analysis findings. It increased the viscosity performance by 78.6% at 298 K and by 79.2% at 353 K, provided desirable shear stress between 1.0 and 1000 s−1 shear rates, and decreased the fluid loss by 31.8% (≤ 8 mL) at 298 K and 25% (≤ 11 mL) at 353 K. In BN-WBM, it decreased the viscosity of the BN-salt solution from a 35-fold increase to less than a 5-fold increase and made the BN-based suspension less salt-reliant. It operated by attaching to the BN platelets' positive edge and negative face surfaces, shielding Ca2+/Na+ cations from the BN's ion-susceptible regions to decrease the viscosity and filtration of the BN-based suspension. This study demonstrates the possible use of Nano-HAp particles as effective filtration and rheological control additives in WBMs. It further demonstrates that Nano-HAp was appropriate for enhancing the drilling performance of BN-WBMs while increasing their resistance to salt cation contamination

The Relevance Of Firms Accounting And Market Performance For CEO Compensation

This paper investigates the relationship between several different CEO compensation components and several firm performance metrics using canonical correlation analysis (CCA).  The principal findings presented in this paper offer evidence supporting the pay-performance relationship in corporate America. CEOs bonuses   are closely associated with accounting measures of performance whereas CEO’s long-term compensation is directly linked to firm’s market performance.  Furthermore, a substantial portion of the variance in CEOs bonus is explained by firm performance variables.  Firm performance measures have some predictive power for CEO bonus but very little predictive power for other compensation measures

Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Allium Sativum (Garlic) On the Histomorphology and Biochemical Parameters of Lead -Induced Cerebellar Injury on the Adult Male Wistar Rats

The study was aimed at evaluating the effects of an aqueous extract of Allium sativum on the biochemical parameters and histo-architecture of lead-induced cerebella damage in male Wistar rats. Sixteen male rats were procured for the study. They were divided into 4 groups, with 4 rats in each group. Group 1 (Control group) received only food and water, those in group 2 were given lead at the dosage of 120 mg/kg body weight. Group 3 received lead at the dosage of 120 mg/kg body weight and the extract at 300 mg/kg body weight while those in group 4 were given lead at the dosage of 120 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight of the extract. The extracts were administered orally for 21 days. Blood samples were collected for biochemical evaluation. The rats were sacrificed, and their cerebella were harvested for histo-morphological studies. The levels of Superoxide dismutase (22.49 ± 1.21) and Malondialdehyde (1.17 ± 0.092) were normal in group 1. There was significant derangement in their levels in group 2, Superoxide dismutase (9.83 ± 0.93) and Malondialdehyde (11.42 ± 1.82). In groups 3 and 4, the levels of Superoxide dismutase increased towards the levels of the control group (12.81 ± 1.13, 16.06 ± 0.29), while those of Malondialdehyde also decreased towards the levels of the control group (6.49 ± 0.57, 3.12 ± 0.36).  The histo-architecture of the cerebella in group 1, appeared normal, those in group 2 showed traumatic encephalopathy of the granular cell layer. In groups 3 and 4, there was mild tissue traumatic encephalopathy. The extract of A. sativum showed a significant protective effect on the biochemical parameters and histo-architecture of lead-induced cerebella damage in adult male Wistar rats

Sodium dodecyl sulphate-treated nanohydroxyapatite as an efficient shale stabilizer for water-based drilling fluids

Drilling water-sensitive shale formations often leads to wellbore instability, resulting in drilling problems because of the clay's high-water affinity. To solve this problem, different nanoparticles (NPs), such as nanosilica, have been used to formulate water-based muds with potassium chloride (KCl-WBM). Nevertheless, the unmatched pore size of shale pores when using nanosilica fails to completely prevent shale swelling and dispersion. This study discusses the effects of KCl-WBM with sodium dodecyl sulphate-treated nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp/SDS) on shale swelling inhibition through various laboratory techniques. These techniques encompass the linear swell meter (LSM), the dynamic linear swell meter (DLSM), hot-rolling dispersion, suspension stability, and pore structure characterization of shale. The rheological and filtration characteristics of nHAp/SDS and compatibility tests were also studied, and the results were compared with those of nanosilica and KCl-WBM. At all concentrations, the performance of the nHAp/SDS test fluids surpassed that of nanosilica. When compared with KCl-WBM system at 10 cP and 25 °C, the nHAp/SDS and nanosilica concentrations increased the plastic viscosity by 20–90 % and 10–70 %, respectively. The inhibitory effect of nHAp/SDS surpasses that of conventional KCl-WBM and inorganic nanosilica. By adding 2.0 wt% nHAp/SDS to KCl-WBM, the shale swelling decreased from 10.1 to 4.7 % (a 53.4 % reduction). Nanosilica also reduced the swelling to 6.1 % (a 39.6 % reduction) during the LSM test at 25 °C. Under the DLSM test conditions, the shale swelling increased due to the activation of the clay platelet site at an increased temperature of 80 °C. For instance, between 25 and 80 °C, the DLSM test revealed that the shale plug height expanded from 6.1 to 9.8 % for 2.0 wt% nanosilica, 4.7–7.6 % for 2.0 wt% nHAp/SDS, and 10.1–18.8 % for KCl-WBM. Furthermore, the recovery rate of hot-rolled shale plugs with KCl-WBM increased from 89.8 to 96.2 % for nHAp/SDS and 76.6 to 88.8 % for nanosilica from the initial rates of 52.1–63.3 % between 65 and 120 °C. The contact angle results showed that nHAp/SDS is hydrophobic, reducing shale-water attraction. Moreover, the 12 nm nanosilica matches nanopore sizes to partially block shale pores. This research found that nHAp/SDS has the potential to improve wellbore stability

The CMS Barrel Calorimeter Response to Particle Beams from 2 to 350 GeV/c

The response of the CMS barrel calorimeter (electromagnetic plus hadronic) to hadrons, electrons and muons over a wide momentum range from 2 to 350 GeV/c has been measured. To our knowledge, this is the widest range of momenta in which any calorimeter system has been studied. These tests, carried out at the H2 beam-line at CERN, provide a wealth of information, especially at low energies. The analysis of the differences in calorimeter response to charged pions, kaons, protons and antiprotons and a detailed discussion of the underlying phenomena are presented. We also show techniques that apply corrections to the signals from the considerably different electromagnetic (EB) and hadronic (HB) barrel calorimeters in reconstructing the energies of hadrons. Above 5 GeV/c, these corrections improve the energy resolution of the combined system where the stochastic term equals 84.7$\pm$1.6$\%$ and the constant term is 7.4$\pm$0.8$\%$. The corrected mean response remains constant within 1.3$\%$ rms

Adaptation of the Wound Healing Questionnaire universal-reporter outcome measure for use in global surgery trials (TALON-1 study): mixed-methods study and Rasch analysis

BackgroundThe Bluebelle Wound Healing Questionnaire (WHQ) is a universal-reporter outcome measure developed in the UK for remote detection of surgical-site infection after abdominal surgery. This study aimed to explore cross-cultural equivalence, acceptability, and content validity of the WHQ for use across low- and middle-income countries, and to make recommendations for its adaptation.MethodsThis was a mixed-methods study within a trial (SWAT) embedded in an international randomized trial, conducted according to best practice guidelines, and co-produced with community and patient partners (TALON-1). Structured interviews and focus groups were used to gather data regarding cross-cultural, cross-contextual equivalence of the individual items and scale, and conduct a translatability assessment. Translation was completed into five languages in accordance with Mapi recommendations. Next, data from a prospective cohort (SWAT) were interpreted using Rasch analysis to explore scaling and measurement properties of the WHQ. Finally, qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated using a modified, exploratory, instrumental design model.ResultsIn the qualitative phase, 10 structured interviews and six focus groups took place with a total of 47 investigators across six countries. Themes related to comprehension, response mapping, retrieval, and judgement were identified with rich cross-cultural insights. In the quantitative phase, an exploratory Rasch model was fitted to data from 537 patients (369 excluding extremes). Owing to the number of extreme (floor) values, the overall level of power was low. The single WHQ scale satisfied tests of unidimensionality, indicating validity of the ordinal total WHQ score. There was significant overall model misfit of five items (5, 9, 14, 15, 16) and local dependency in 11 item pairs. The person separation index was estimated as 0.48 suggesting weak discrimination between classes, whereas Cronbach's α was high at 0.86. Triangulation of qualitative data with the Rasch analysis supported recommendations for cross-cultural adaptation of the WHQ items 1 (redness), 3 (clear fluid), 7 (deep wound opening), 10 (pain), 11 (fever), 15 (antibiotics), 16 (debridement), 18 (drainage), and 19 (reoperation). Changes to three item response categories (1, not at all; 2, a little; 3, a lot) were adopted for symptom items 1 to 10, and two categories (0, no; 1, yes) for item 11 (fever).ConclusionThis study made recommendations for cross-cultural adaptation of the WHQ for use in global surgical research and practice, using co-produced mixed-methods data from three continents. Translations are now available for implementation into remote wound assessment pathways