Signalements et placements des enfants de mère toxicomane

Rapport de rechercheThis report summarizes a text presented for the "Habilitation à diriger des recherches" at St-Quentin en Yvelines university in November 2005. The effects of consuming psychoactive substances during pregancy are primarily medical, such as intrauterine growth retardation, premature birth, and infant weaning syndrome, but they are also social given that the mother risks losing custody of her child/newborn. In fact, drug-addicted women who become mothers may be situated at the intersection of four sets of norms: legal norms, since drug use is illegal; social norms defining what a good mother is; medical norms governing how high-risk pregnancies should be followed; and gender norms, since drug addiction is perceived as essentially a male phenomenon and the harm done to the fetus by mother's male partner--smoking, drinking, violence against pregnant women--is often not taken into account. This study examines the entire chain of professions involved in the process that runs from identifying a child living with a drug-addicted mother--a woman often in highly precarious socio-economic circumstances--to removing the child from her custody and finding another home for it. That process is analyzed in terms of the practices and representations of medical, social-service, and judiciary personnel with regard to this potential "bad mother." In counterpoint it presents biographical accounts of women who at some point in their lives lost custody of their child, resituating in the long-term experience of the affected families the sequence of events by which the child was taken in charge by the authorities.Le texte présenté dans ce rapport est une version courte d'une Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches en Sociologie-Démographie soutenue en novembre 2005 à l'Université de Versailles-St Quentin-en Yvelines. Les conséquences de la consommation de substances psychoactives pendant la grossesse sont essentiellement médicales, comme un retard de croissance intra-utérin, une prématurité ou un syndrome de sevrage du nouveau-né, mais également sociales dans la mesure où la mère risque de se voir retirer la garde de son enfant. En fait, ces femmes toxicomanes qui deviennent mères s'inscrivent au carrefour de quatre séries de normes : les normes pénales car l'usage de stupéfiants est illicite, les normes sociales qui fixent ce que doit être une bonne mère, les normes médicales régissant le suivi des grossesses à risques et enfin des normes de genre, car la toxicomanie est appréhendée comme un phénomène massivement masculin et que l'absence de prise en compte des atteintes au fœtus par le conjoint de la mère -tabagisme, alcoolisme, voies de fait sur les femmes pendant la grossesse- est notable. L'intégralité de la chaîne professionnelle conduisant au signalement puis au placement d'un enfant de mère toxicomane, souvent dans un contexte de très grande précarité est analysée ici, au regard des pratiques mais également des représentations des personnels médicaux, sociaux, judiciaires sur cette potentielle " mauvaise mère ". En contrepoint, des récits biographiques de femmes ayant perdu à un moment de leur trajectoire la garde de leur enfant, permettent de resituer ces séquences de prise en charge dans le long terme du vécu des familles concernées

Silica, carbon and boron nitride monoliths with hierarchical porosity prepared by spark plasma sintering process

Silica SBA-15, carbon CMK-3, boron nitride (BN), the latter synthesized from the first two compounds as templates, are mesoporous materials in the form of powders. They have a high specific surface area and an important mesoporous volume. The porosity is organized with the hexagonal symmetric space group p6mm. For selected applications, it could be interesting to preserve these characteristics with materials in a well-defined shape at a macroscopic scale (few millimeters to centimeter). Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a well-known technique which allows to prepare monoliths with relatively mild conditions. The SPS technique has been used on these mesoporous powders without charge or with a uniaxial charge and at temperatures of 600 °C, 800 °C for silica, 1100 °C, 1300 °C for carbon and 1600 °C, 1700 °C for boron nitride during 1–5 min. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms reveal that the obtained monoliths present high specific surface area (300–500 m2/g) and important mesoporous volume. The coexistence of interconnected mesoporosity and macroporosity (with volume’s close value) was observed by SEM and TEM, while the XRD and TEM characterization show that the mesoporosity organization is partially preserved

Assessing SWOT discharge algorithms performance across a range of river types

Scheduled for launch in 2020, the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission will measure river height, width, and slope, globally, as well as characterizing storage change in lakes, and ocean surface dynamics. Four discharge algorithms have been formulated to solve the inverse problem of river discharge from SWOT observations. Three of these approaches are based on Manning’s equation, while the fourth utilizes at-many-stations hydraulic geometry relating width and discharge. In all cases, SWOT will provide some but not all of the information required to estimate discharge. The focus of the inverse approaches is estimation of the unknown parameters. The algorithms use a range of a priori information. This paper will generate synthetic measurements of height, width, and slope for a number of rivers, including reaches of the Sacramento, Ohio, Mississippi, Platte, Amazon, Garonne, Po, Severn, St. Lawrence, and Tanana. These rivers have a wide range of flows, geometries, hydraulic regimes, floodplain interactions, and planforms. One-year synthetic datasets will be generated in each case. We will add white noise to the simulated quantities and generate scenarios with different repeat time. The focus will be on retrievability of the hydraulic parameters across a range of space-time sampling, rather than on ability to retrieve under the specific SWOT orbit. We will focus on several specific research questions affecting algorithm performance, including river characteristics, temporal sampling, and algorithm accuracy. The overall goal is to be able to predict which algorithms will work better for different kinds of rivers, and potentially to combine the outputs of the various algorithms to obtain more robust estimates. Preliminary results on the Sacramento River indicate that all algorithms perform well for this single-channel river, with diffusive hydraulics, with relative RMSE values ranging from 9% to 26% for the various algorithms. Preliminary sensitivity tests indicate that Manning-based approaches are more sensitive to slope error on the Sacramento River than on the Garonne River, but more sensitive to width error for the Garonne River. Fully understanding these tradeoffs is critical for reliable deployment of these algorithms for global discharge estimation from SWOT observations

Monolithes de silice et de carbone à porosité hiérarchisée obtenus par frittage SPS

La silice SBA-15 et le carbone CMK-3 possèdent une grande surface spécifique et un volume important de mésopores ordonnés dans une symétrie hexagonale (groupe d’espace p6 mm). Il est nécessaire de préserver leurs caractéristiques lors de la mise en forme de ces matériaux, pour un grand nombre d’applications. Le frittage SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering) des poudres a été effectué sans charge ou avec une charge uniaxiale de 25 MPa et à des températures de 600 à 800 ◦C pour la silice et 1100 à 1300 ◦C pour le carbone, pendant 5 minutes. Les isothermes d’adsorption/désorption d’azote montrent que les monolithes obtenus conservent une surface spécifique élevée (300 à 500 m2/g) et un volume mésoporeux de l’ordre de 0,7 cm3/g. La coexistence de la mésoporosité et d’une macroporosité interconnectée de volume voisin est observée par MEB (Microscopie Électronique à Balayage) et MET (Microscopie Électronique en Transmission). En outre, l’organisation de la mésoporosité est partiellement maintenue comme le mettent en évidence la DRX (Diffraction des Rayons X) et la MET

Synthesis of Cyclen-Functionalized Ethenylene-Based Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles and Metal-Ion Adsorption Studies

The preparation of two cyclens both possessing two triethoxysilyl groups through click chemistry is described. These two cyclens were incorporated into bis(triethoxysilyl)ethenylene-based periodic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (PMO NPs) at different proportions of bis(triethoxysilyl)ethenylene/cyclens (90/10, 75/25). The obtained nanorods were analyzed with different techniques and showed high specific surface areas at low proportion of cyclens. The nanorods containing free amino groups of cyclen were then used for Ni(II) and Co(II) removal from model solutions. The kinetics and isotherms of adsorption of Ni(II) and Co(II) were determined, and the materials showed high uptake of metals (up to 3.9 mmol . g(-1)). They demonstrated pronounced selectivity in separation of rare earth elements from late transition metals, e. g. Ni(II) and Co(II) by adsorption and even more so by controlled desorption

Temporal variations in river water surface elevation and slope captured by AirSWOT

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission aims to improve the frequency and accuracy of global observations of river water surface elevations (WSEs) and slopes. As part of the SWOT mission, an airborne analog, AirSWOT, provides spatially-distributed measurements of WSEs for river reaches tens to hundreds of kilometers in length. For the first time, we demonstrate the ability of AirSWOT to consistently measure temporal dynamics in river WSE and slope. We evaluate data from six AirSWOT flights conducted between June 7–22, 2015 along a ~90 km reach of the Tanana River, AK. To validate AirSWOT measurements, we compare AirSWOT WSEs and slopes against an in situ network of 12 pressure transducers (PTs). Assuming error-free in situ data, AirSWOT measurements of river WSEs have an overall root mean square difference (RMSD) of 11.8 cm when averaged over 1 km2 areas while measurements of river surface slope have an RMSD of 1.6 cm/km for reach lengths >5 km. AirSWOT is also capable of recording accurate river WSE changes between flight dates, with an RMSD of 9.8 cm. Regrettably, observed in situ slope changes that transpired between the six flights are well below AirSWOT's accuracy, limiting the evaluation of AirSWOT's ability to capture temporal changes in slope. In addition to validating the direct AirSWOT measurements, we compare discharge values calculated via Manning's equation using AirSWOT WSEs and slopes to discharge values calculated using PT WSEs and slopes. We define or calibrate the remaining discharge parameters using a combination of in situ and remotely sensed observations, and we hold these remaining parameters constant between the two types of calculations to evaluate the impact of using AirSWOT versus the PT observations of WSE and slope. Results indicate that AirSWOT-derived discharge estimates are similar to the PT-derived discharge estimates, with an RMSD of 13.8%. Additionally, 42% of the AirSWOT-based discharge estimates fall within the PT discharge estimates' uncertainty bounds. We conclude that AirSWOT can measure multitemporal variations in river WSE and spatial variations in slope with both high accuracy and spatial sampling, providing a compelling alternative to in situ measurements of regional-scale, spatiotemporal fluvial dynamics

Influence of the synthetic method on the properties of two-photon-sensitive mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles

International audienceHerein we report the modulation of the properties of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (NPs) via various synthetic approaches. Three types of elaborations were compared, one in aqueous media at 25 °C, and the other two at 80 °C in water or in a water–ethanol mixture. For all these methods, an alkoxysilylated two-photon photosensitizer (2PS) was co-condensed with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), leading to five two-photon-sensitive mesoporous silica (M2PS) NPs. The M2PS NP porous structure could be tuned from radial to worm-like and MCM-41 types of organization. Besides, the 2PS precursor spatial dispersion was found to be highly dependent on both the 2PS initial concentration and the elaboration process. As a result, two-photon properties were modulated by the choice of the synthesis, the best results being found in aqueous media at 25 or 80 °C. Finally, the M2PS NPs were used for in vitro two-photon imaging of cancer cells

Satellite cells fail to contribute to muscle repair but are functional in Pompe disease (glycogenosis type II)

Satellite cells fail to contribute to muscle repair but are functional in Pompe disease (glycogenosis type II). 6eme congrés international de Myologi