REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

The ability of a chromatographic method to successfully separate, identify and quantitative species is determined by many factors, many of which are in the control of the experimenter. When attempting to discover the important factors and then optimize a response by turning these factors by using multivariate statistical techniques for the optimization of chromatographic system. The surface response methodologies and experimental design give a powerful suite of statistical methodology. Advantage includes modeling by empherical function, a defined number of experiments to be performed and available software to accomplish the task of two uses of experimental design in chromatography for showing lack of significant factors and then optimizing a response within their method development. Plackett - Burman design (Screening) widely used in validation studies and fraction factorial designs and their extensions such as (response surface) central composite designs are most popular optimizers. Box-Behnken and Doehlert designs are becoming more used as efficient alternatives. The use of mixture designs for optimization of mobile phase is also related. A discussion about model validation is presented. Then simultaneously the multiple responses are optimized, the desirability function is used and discussed the criteria for judging the quality of a chromatogram by using multi criteria decision making studies. Some applications of multivariate techniques for optimization of chromatographic methods are also summarized

Liquid Nitrogen Cryotherapy in Management of Oral Lesions

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of the efficacy of cryotherapy as a treatment modality for Oral lesions. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the post -operative clinical outcome of oral lesions after treatment with cryotherapy, with respect to • Post -operative wound healing. • Recurrence of the lesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: STUDY DESIGN: SAMPLE SIZE: A sample size of 15 oral lesions. • Al l the subjects, selected on the basis of inclusion criteria were treated with cryogun spray cryotherapy, using liquid nitrogen. Clinical photographs of the lesions were taken prior to cryotherapy and the procedure is performed. SOURCE OF DATA: This study was undertaken up for the outpatient who reported to Adhiparasakthi Dental College & Hospital. Patients were included in the study were those affected with oral lesions, either benign or premalignant lesions. 15 patients who were randomly selected from the outpatient, to evaluate the effectiveness of cryosurgical method of treating or al lesions with liquid nitrogen after obtaining ethical clearance. METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA: This study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Adhiparasakthi Dental College & Hospital with a sample size of 15 lesions. • In formed/written consent was taken from the subjects/care takers. • Routine, pre -surgical Haematologic investigations were done. INCLUSION CRITERIA: • Patients who diagnosed with benign or premalignant oral lesion. • Lesion size more than 1cm. • Patient willing for cryotherapy. • Patients under ASA I / ASA II category. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: • Patients diagnosed with oral malignant lesions. • Patients not willing for cryotherapy. • Medically compromised patients RESULTS The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of cryotherapy as treatment modality for oral lesion, to evaluate the post operative clinical outcome of oral lesion after treatment with cryotherapy with respect to post-operative wound healing and recurrence of the lesion in the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, at Adhiparasakthi dental college and hospital. 15 patients who was affected with oral lesion either benign or pre-malignant lesion of size more than 1cm, were randomly selected from out-patient to evaluate the effectiveness of the cryosurgery method of treating oral lesion with liquid nitrogen after obtaining ethical clearance. The age of patients ranged between 22yrs -52yrs with 46.7% of male and 53.3% of female. The overall mean age of the study population 33.6. In this study the open method was used to treat the lesion by direct application of liquid nitrogen with cryogun spray, al l subjects selected on the basis of inclusion criteria. Among 15 patients, there were 5 mucocele lesions, 2 traumatic fibroma, 1 leukoplakia, 2 erythroplakia, 3 lichen planus, 2 Apthous ulcers were seen. The site of occurrence of the lesion varied in different subjects the lesions were present on the buccal mucosa, floor of the tongue, upper vestibule, lower vestibule. Post-treatment follow up was done at 3rd day, 1s t week and 1st month and 2nd. The results were evaluated statically with the help of Descriptive statistics and NPar tests: chi -square test, kolmogorov-smirnov test. CONCLUSION: Cryosurgery is the use liquid nitrogen were extreme cold is produced to destroy abnormal tissue. Cryosurgery is very safe, easy to perform and relatively inexpensive technique for treating various oral lesions in out-patient clinic it is very useful for oral lesion as the oral mucosa is humid which makes it an ideal site for freezing. With recent development of better equipment this mode of therapy appears to have a promising role in the management of benign mucosal lesion, more reasonable with adequate success, the procedure is relatively more acceptable and has shown to have, faster recovery. Though cryosurgery have some difficulties like portability of the cryogenic agent and storage of highly volatile material, it require special storage container for short - term storage and canister for dispensing the liquid from the container during its use, its advantages are numerous, this technique provide a bloodless field, less pain when compared to conventional surgery, anesthesia is optional, excel lent cosmetic results, low cost, low risk of infect ion, minimal wound care, no need of suture removal, no work or sports restrict ions, short preparation time, useful in pregnancy. In this study the open method used to treat lesion with cryogen spray using liquid nitrogen has shown significantly good results in achieving complete regression of the benign and premalignant lesion of oral cavity

ANTAGONISTIC ACTINOBACTERIAL DIVERSITY OF MARINE SEDIMENTS COLLECTED FROM COASTAL TAMIL NADU

Objective: The main objective of the current investigation is to identify the antagonistic potential of marine sediment actinobacterial population collected from coastal regions of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.Methods: A total of 60 marine sediment samples were collected from 27 locations of coastal Tamil Nadu and Kerala. A total of 85 morphologically distinct actinobacterial strains were isolated and taxonomically characterized. The strains were screened for its antagonistic potential against selected bacteria strains, and the obtained results were statistically analyzed. Further, the strains excelled in producing antimicrobial substances were subjected to electron microscopic and chemotaxonomic studies to get more taxonomic details.Results: The isolates were identified as different species of Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Saccharopolyspora, Actinopolyspora, Nocardia, Nocardioides, Kitasatospora, and the rest of them were categorized as unidentified.†All the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial assay through cross-streak and well diffusion methods that endorsed 34 (40%) of them to be active against clinical and reference bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 3160, S. aureus (methicillin-resistant), Bacillus pumilus NCIM 2327, Escherichia coli MTCC 1698, E. coli, Shigella flexneri MTCC 1457, and Proteus vulgaris. The predominance of Streptomyces (18) was ascertained and followed by Saccharopolyspora (7), Micromonospora (5), Nocardia (2), and Kitasatospora (2) with considerable antimicrobial activities. Statistical analysis revealed that the isolates BDK01, BMT01, BPY03, and BRS07 showed significant antimicrobial activities. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis revealed that all four isolates are belonging under Streptomyces genus.Conclusion: The output of the present investigation revealed that the Streptomyces species are predominant in marine sediments and gain more attention for their antagonistic potential. Therefore, assessment and evaluation of marine microbial diversity were done, which could serve as a potential source for novel antibiotics.Â

Performance Evaluation of Tergitol NP-7 and Triton X-114 for the Removal of Crystal Violet Using Cloud-point Extraction

In the present study, a cloud-point extraction process has been developed to remove crystal violet dye using two different non-ionic surfactants, Tergitol NP-7 and Triton X-114. For different concentrations of dye and surfactant, cloud-point temperatures were determined for Tergitol NP-7 and Triton X-114. The effectiveness of two different surfactants, Triton X-114 and Tergitol NP-7, for the removal of dye from synthetic solution was investigated. The effects of surfactant and dye concentrations, as well as operating temperature on phase volume ratio, preconcentration factor, distribution coefficient, and extraction efficiency were studied. The optimum dosage of surfactant can be 0.05 M for both surfactants for removing crystal violet. The results showed that 97 % of crystal violet can quantitatively be removed by cloud-point extraction at 0.05 M surfactant concentration in a single extraction. The performance of Tergitol NP-7 was found to be more effective than Triton X-114 for the removal of crystal violet using CPE

Design and Fabrication of Air Pre Heater for Diesel Engine

ABSTRACT: In a diesel engine, the fuel-air mixture is introduced at room temperature and burned inside the cylinder. After the fuel is burned, the combustion products are discharged at atmospheric pressure and high temperature. The heat generated during the combustion of fuel is partially converted into work to drive the car (or any load) and remaining is wasted to the atmosphere through exhaust gas and coolant. The heat generated by combustion of fuel is converted into the work because of the pressure created by the combustion process. The efficiency of the engines is between 20% and 30%. This paper highlights provision for incorporating a heating vessel for preheating air before admitting in to the cylinder of a diesel engine. The heating vessel comprises heating elements for heating the air flowing past said heating element, and a body for mechanically holding and electrically contacting said heating element. The effect of preheated air on standard diesel fuel engine indicated a good result on emission control. NOx and CO emissions at intake air temperature of 550C were less when compared at intake air temperature of 320 C. Higher inlet air temperature causes lower ignition delay, which is responsible for lower NOx formation. Uniform or better combustion is occurred due to pre-heating of inlet air, which also causes lower engine noise. Easy vaporization and better mixing of air and fuel occur due to warm up of inlet air, which causes lower CO emission

Work Place Self-Management by Academic Cum Clinical Physiotherapist – A Case Study

One of the main issues in industrialized nations is work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD), which are linked to demanding and repetitive work environments. Repetitive actions and work without leisure can lead to musculoskeletal problems. To prevent this occurrence, promoting healthy lifestyle self-care management is essential. The main objective of this case study was to assess the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in professional physiotherapist and their workplace self-management. Case Description: a case of a 39-year-old male assistant professor cum clinical practitioner with 12 years of experience in the profession, who engages in using the computer for 6 hours a day for his academic and clinical documentation purposes, was assessed in the workstation. He complains of neck and shoulder pain after engaging in front of the computer for more than one hour, which he manages during the routine practice. He manages his pain by doing simple exercises like chin tuck-in and shoulder bracing by taking a short break every hour while working on a computer. Musculoskeletal-related pain was analyzed using the VAS score (visual analogue scale), and the level of the risks was analyzed using the rapid entire body assessment (REBA) scale. The case study showed that professional physiotherapists have a high risk of MSDs due to their engagement in multiple tasks and less attention to body posture. Regular exercise in the workstation and ergonomic workplace awareness would prevent the occurrence of work-related MSD

An Efficient Hybrid Fuzzy-Clustering Driven 3D-Modeling of Magnetic Resonance Imagery for Enhanced Brain Tumor Diagnosis

Brain tumor detection and its analysis are essential in medical diagnosis. The proposed work focuses on segmenting abnormality of axial brain MR DICOM slices, as this format holds the advantage of conserving extensive metadata. The axial slices presume the left and right part of the brain is symmetric by a Line of Symmetry (LOS). A semi-automated system is designed to mine normal and abnormal structures from each brain MR slice in a DICOM study. In this work, Fuzzy clustering (FC) is applied to the DICOM slices to extract various clusters for di erent k. Then, the best-segmented image that has high inter-class rigidity is obtained using the silhouette fitness function. The clustered boundaries of the tissue classes further enhanced by morphological operations. The FC technique is hybridized with the standard image post-processing techniques such as marker controlled watershed segmentation (MCW), region growing (RG), and distance regularized level sets (DRLS). This procedure is implemented on renowned BRATS challenge dataset of di erent modalities and a clinical dataset containing axial T2 weighted MR images of a patient. The sequential analysis of the slices is performed using the metadata information present in the DICOM header. The validation of the segmentation procedures against the ground truth images authorizes that the segmented objects of DRLS through FC enhanced brain images attain maximum scores of Jaccard and Dice similarity coe cients. The average Jaccard and dice scores for segmenting tumor part for ten patient studies of the BRATS dataset are 0.79 and 0.88, also for the clinical study 0.78 and 0.86, respectively. Finally, 3D visualization and tumor volume estimation are done using accessible DICOM information.Ministerio de Desarrollo de Recursos Humanos, India SPARC/2018-2019/P145/SLUniversidad Politécnica de Tomsk, Rusia RRSG/19/500

ResMem-Net: memory based deep CNN for image memorability estimation

Image memorability is a very hard problem in image processing due to its subjective nature. But due to the introduction of Deep Learning and the large availability of data and GPUs, great strides have been made in predicting the memorability of an image. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning architecture called ResMem-Net that is a hybrid of LSTM and CNN that uses information from the hidden layers of the CNN to compute the memorability score of an image. The intermediate layers are important for predicting the output because they contain information about the intrinsic properties of the image. The proposed architecture automatically learns visual emotions and saliency, shown by the heatmaps generated using the GradRAM technique. We have also used the heatmaps and results to analyze and answer one of the most important questions in image memorability: ‘‘What makes an image memorable?“. The model is trained and evaluated using the publicly available Large-scale Image Memorability dataset (LaMem) from MIT. The results show that the model achieves a rank correlation of 0.679 and a mean squared error of 0.011, which is better than the current state-of-the-art models and is close to human consistency (p = 0.68). The proposed architecture also has a significantly low number of parameters compared to the state-of-the-art architecture, making it memory efficient and suitable for production