Safety education of pedestrians for injury prevention: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effectiveness of safety education of pedestrians. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of safety education programmes for pedestrians of all ages. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effect of safety education on pedestrians' injuries, behaviour, attitude, and knowledge and on pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions. Quality of trials: methods of randomisation; and numbers lost to follow up. RESULTS: We identified 15 randomised controlled trials of safety education programmes for pedestrians. Fourteen trials targeted children, and one targeted institutionalised adults. None assessed the effect of safety education on the occurrence of pedestrian injury, but six trials assessed its effect on behaviour. The effect of pedestrian education on behaviour varied considerably across studies and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Pedestrian safety education can change observed road crossing behaviour, but whether this reduces the risk of pedestrian injury in road traffic crashes is unknown. There is a lack of good evidence of effectiveness of safety education for adult pedestrians, specially elderly people. None of the trials was conducted in low or middle income countries

Education of children and adolescents for the prevention of dog bite injuries.

BACKGROUND: Dog bites can have dramatic consequences for children and adolescents. Educating young people on how to interact with dogs could contribute to reducing dog bite injuries. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of educational interventions that target children and adolescents in reducing dog bite injuries and their consequences. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the following databases: The Cochrane Injuries Group's Specialised Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2008), CAB Abstracts, Zetoc, SIGLE, MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC, PsycInfo, SPECTR, CINAHL, National Research Register, LILACs, African Healthline, Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index, CurrentClinicalTrials.Gov, Centrewatch, Controlledtrials.com, Vetgate and the WHO database. We checked the bibliographies of relevant reviews and trials and also contacted experts in the field. The searches were carried out to 18 July 2008. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials and controlled before-after studies that evaluated the effectiveness of educational interventions, in populations under 20 years old, for preventing dog bites. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors selected eligible studies based on information from the title and abstract. Two review authors decided on the inclusion of eligible trials and extracted data from the trial reports. We contacted authors of eligible studies to obtain more information. MAIN RESULTS: Two studies met the inclusion criteria. No study looked at our main outcome: dog bite rates. The included studies were randomised controlled trials conducted in kindergarten and primary schools. Their methodology was of moderate quality. One study showed that the intervention group showed less 'inappropriate behaviour' when observed in the presence of a dog after a 30-minute educational intervention. Another study showed an increase in knowledge and in caution after an information programme. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is no direct evidence that educational programmes can reduce dog bite rates in children and adolescents. Educating children who are less than 10 years old in school settings could improve their knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards dogs. Educating children and adolescents in settings other than schools should also be evaluated. There is a need for high quality studies that measure dog bite rates as an outcome. To date, evidence does not suggest that educating children and adolescents is effective as a unique public health strategy to reduce dog bite injuries and their consequences

D’une passe à poissons. Milieux et technique en Anthropocène

À la fin des années 1970, le saumon Atlantique (Salmo salar) avait définitivement disparu de la Garonne. Depuis quelques décennies, le programme de réintroduction de cette espèce s’appuie autant sur des procédés génétiques et d’élevage que sur tout un ensemble d’infrastructures techniques. Cette « technosphère » du saumon constitue un cadre idéal pour interroger l’ingénierie de la réparation des écosystèmes. Montrant comment la restauration écologique dont une passe à poissons est l’un des instruments demeure une réparation incomplète, l’article discute de la pertinence du concept de « milieu associé » (Gilbert Simondon) pour définir une écologie des techniques à l’heure de l’Anthropocène.In the late 1970s, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) had definitely disappeared from the Garonne river. Over the past few decades, the reintroduction program for this species has been based on genetic and breeding methods as well as on a whole range of technical infrastructures. Although technically “low tech”, this salmon technosphere is an ideal environment for questioning the engineering of ecological restoration. Studying it allows to go against the hylomorphic vision of design and to propose a speculative narrative on the sort of camera obscura which the fish pass embodies, and through which design follows a cascade of disconcerting translations

Development of a fourfold dielectric-filled reentrant cavity as a beam position monitor (BPM) in a proton therapy facility

At the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), the superconducting cyclotron “COMET” delivers a 250 MeV proton beam for radiation therapy in pulses of 1ns at the cyclotron-RF frequency of 72.85 MHz. Accurate measurement of the beam position at proton beam currents of 0.1-10 nA in the beam transport line downstream of the degrader is of crucial importance for the treatment safety and quality, beam alignment and feedback systems. This is essential for efficient operation and beam delivery. These measurements are usually performed with intercepting monitors such as ionization chambers (ICs). In this paper, we present a novel non-intercepting position sensitive cavity resonator. The resonant monitor, tuned to the second harmonic of the cyclotron's RF, is based on the detection of the transverse magnetic dipole mode of the EM field generated by the beam. This mode is only excited for off-center beam positions and is measured with the help of four floating cavities within a common grounded cylinder. This paper discusses the BPM fundamental characteristics, design optimization and the underlying parametric investigations involving the contribution of the different modes and crosstalk. We estimate the expected signals from the prototype BPM for position offsets from simulations and compare them with test-bench measurements and beam measurements with the prototype and the improvised BPM design. We conclude by summarizing the achieved position sensitivity, precision, and measurement bandwidth

Écrire la ville dans les espaces numériques

Par la description du parcours de Urbain, trop urbain, cet article éclaire la relation entre un projet éditorial (écrire sur la ville contemporaine), un média (le Web) et des écritures. Relatant les processus d’écriture de cinq objets éditoriaux (un site web, une page Facebook, un compte Instagram, deux livres numériques), cette contribution s’appuie sur des notions de la recherche en écriture numérique (auteur, éditeur, architexte, interprétation) pour s’interroger sur ce qui fait sens, œuvre et culture dans l’écriture numérique, et sur les conditions sociotechniques de son émergence.Through the description of Urbain trop Urbain’s course, this article sheds light on the connection between an editorial project (to write on the contemporary city), a media (the Internet) and modes of writing. This contribution relates the writing processes of five editorial objects (a website, a Facebook wall, an Instagram account, and two digital books). It is based on notions of digital writing experimentations (author, publisher, architext, interpretation), in order to question this field on several respects: what is constitutive of meaning, work and culture, as well as the socio-technical conditions of its emergence

Genèse et devenir d’une zone critique littorale méditerranéenne

Les aménagements et l’industrialisation des espaces compris entre le Rhône et les cailloutis de la plaine de Crau, ancien cône de déjection de la Durance, en passant par le plateau de Vitrolles, entre les plissements calcaires des massifs de la Fare et de la Nerthe, jusqu’à l’enfoncement protecteur du golfe de Fos, des étangs et du sillon de Caronte qui fait communiquer la grande lagune de Berre et la mer Méditerranée, frappent par leur ampleur voire leur démesure. C’est plus particulièrement..

Matières à friction et techniques de lutte

Image d’ouverture I can’t breathe. Dans le sillage d’une manifestation consécutive à la mort de George Floyd, afro-américain asphyxié un genou sur la nuque dans le cadre d’une arrestation de police le 25 mai 2020. Photo prise à Grand Army Plaza, dans l’arrondissement de Brooklyn à New York, le 7 juin 2020 © Rhododendrites On étouffe. La situation n’est pas tenable. Nous courons à la catastrophe. L’effet de sidération paralyse les velléités d’action. Aussi diverses et parfois contraires que s..

Exposure to Amosite-Containing Ceiling Boards in a Public School in Switzerland: A Case Study.

The measurement of an airborne concentration in Amosite fibers above 5035 F/m <sup>3</sup> in a school prompted a retrospective quantitative health risk assessment. Dose estimates were built using air measurements, laboratory experiments, previous exposure data, and interviews. A dose response model was adapted for amosite-only exposure and adjusted for the life expectancy and lung cancer incidence in the Swiss population. The average yearly concentrations found were 52-320 F/m <sup>3</sup> . The high concentration previously observed was not representative of the average exposure in the building. Overall, the risk estimates for the different populations of the school were low and in the range of 2 × 10 <sup>-6</sup> to 3 × 10 <sup>-5</sup> for mesothelioma and 4 × 10 <sup>-7</sup> to 8 × 10 <sup>-6</sup> for lung cancer. The results evidenced however that children have to be considered at higher risk when exposed to asbestos, and that the current reference method and target values are of limited use for amphibole-only exposures. This study confirmed that quantitative health risk assessments and participatory approaches are powerful tools to support public decisions and build constructive communication between exposed people, experts, and policy-makers