Determining for the different classes of general insurance, the most appropriate reserving method

A Research Report submitted in Partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of Business Science in Actuarial ScienceActuarial Science is an applied science and its analysis, which is based on several techniques and methods, involves a lot of uncertainty by nature. As with any other science, Actuarial aims at providing the best truth or estimate despite the uncertainties that exist. The goal of this paper is to evaluate and suggest the best methods of computing reserves for the different classes of general insurance business. The paper focuses on answering the main question how you can best estimate Incurred But Not Reported (IBNR) claims for General Insurance using well known techniques such as those that deal with the classical development triangle, that is, Basic Chain ladder Technique (CLT), Inflation-Adjusted Chain ladder Technique, Average Cost per Claim Method (ACCM) and the Bomhuetter- Ferguson Technique (B-FT) as well as other stochastic methods such as Bootstrapping Method and Archimedean Copulas. The research involved both primary and secondary data and methods such as use of questionnaires, personal interviews and even telephone interviews were administered to collect the required data. Different tools such as Ms Excel actuarial models were used to analyze the data collected from the sampled insurance companies and the conclusions reached by comparison of predicted IBNR to the "actual" IBNR from the simulated data. Moreover, recommendations have been made on the most suitable reserving methods to use for all the different classes of general insurance as categorized by the Insurance Act of Kenya namely Aviation, Engineering, Fire-Domestic, Fire-Industrial, Liability, Marine, Motor Private, Motor Commercial, Personal Accident, Theft, Workmen's Compensation, Medical, Micro and Miscellaneous insuranc

Connate Anthers in Gentiana (Gentianaceae)

Volume: 56Start Page: 133End Page: 13

Coral-Associated Bacteria as a Promising Antibiofilm Agent against Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms

The current study deals with the evaluation of two coral-associated bacterial (CAB) extracts to inhibit the biofilm synthesis in vitro as well as the virulence production like hemolysin and exopolysaccharide (EPS), and also to assess their ability to modify the adhesion properties, that is cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Out of nine CAB screened, the ethyl acetate extract of CAB-E2 (Bacillus firmus) and CAB-E4 (Vibrio parahemolyticus) have shown excellent antibiofilm activity against S. aureus. CAB-E2 reduced the production of EPS (57–79%) and hemolysin (43–70%), which ultimately resulted in the significant inhibition of biofilms (80–87%) formed by both MRSA and MSSA. Similarly, CAB-E4 was also found to decrease the production of EPS (43–57%), hemolysin (43–57%) and biofilms (80–85%) of test pathogens. CLSM analysis also proved the antibiofilm efficacy of CAB extracts. Furthermore, the CAB extracts strongly decreased the CSH of S. aureus. Additionally, FT-IR analysis of S. aureus treated with CAB extracts evidenced the reduction in cellular components compared to their respective controls. Thus, the present study reports for the first time, B. firmus—a coral-associated bacterium, as a promising source of antibiofilm agent against the recalcitrant biofilms formed by multidrug resistant S. aureus

Intraocular metastasis from primary cervical cancer: A case report and review of the literature

• Metastatic disease should be considered in cervical cancer patients presenting with eye pain and vision complaints. • Distant metastasis involving less common organ sites, such as the eye, suggest a poor prognosis with short life expectancy. • In cases of cervical cancer metastatic to the eye, radiotherapy may decrease the incidence of retinal detachment and vision loss