Relationship of free fatty acids and acid degree values to lipolytic flavor of milk

Free fatty acids were studied in relation to acid degree value (ADV) and rancid flavor (RF) in milk and ADV evaluated as a method for measurement of RF. Selected fatty acids (FA) were blended in milk at .25µmol/ml milk with emulsifier. Recovery of FA was \u3c.63 (C4-C8), 1.95-2.33 (C10-C16), 3.24 (C18:0)» and 4.12µmol/g fat (C18:1). Significant differences (p\u3c.05) in recovery were found among all groups of FA. Recovery of 5 concentrations (.20, .25, .35, .45, .55 µmol/ml milk) did not differ (p\u3e.05) for C4 (\u3c.51 µmol/g fat), was proportional to added concentration of Cio with significant differences between low and high concentrations (1.94-4.64 µmol/g fat), and was significantly higher with increasing concentration of C18:1 (3.91-11.08 µmol/g fat). Fatty acid partitioning into skim (C4) or fat (C10/ C18:1), as separated by ADV procedure, was demonstrated by gas chromatography. Detection thresholds for C4, C18:1 and C10 were .20, .55, and .55 µmol/ml milk. A 6-member trained flavor panel scored milk samples collected from east Tennessee farms and laboratory-prepared rancid samples (LPRS) for RF by magnitude estimation. Correlation coefficients between rancidity scores (farm samples and LPRS) and standard methods ADV were .13 (p=.16) and .17 (p=.002). Mean rancidity scores were not significantly different for samples divided into 5 groups based on ADV (\u3c1.26, 1.26-1.75, 1.76-2.30, 2.31- 2.75, \u3e2.75) but LPRS were given higher rancidity scores. A consumer panel detected a difference between farm milk with low ADV (1.57), and high values (5.37, 7.67 meq/100 g fat) using paired comparison method. There was an increase in ADV and rancidity scores with storage (12 days at 4°C). Correlations between concentration of FA and ADV were \u3e.82 (p=.0001) for all major FA in farm milk but, for LPRS, the correlation was moderate (r=.53, p=.07) for total shorter chain (C4-C10) FA and low (r=.23, p=.47) for total longer chain (C12-C18:1) FA. C4, C14, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 concentration significantly increased among ADV groups. Correlations between RF and FA concentrations were low (r\u3c.45) for both farm and LPRS. Total FA concentrations were not significantly different among slightly , moderately very rancid or unpalatable samples

Moving At-Risk Teenagers Out of High-Risk Neighborhoods: Why Girls Fare Better Than Boys

neighborhood effects; social experiment; mixed methods; youth risk behavior

Analysis of prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance in primary infections in the United Kingdom

Objectives: To identify changes since 1994 in the prevalence of resistance to anti-HIV drugs in primary HIV-1 infections in the United Kingdom. Design: Retrospective and prospective assessment of viruses obtained from people recently infected with HIV. Setting: Multiple centres (patients enrolled in the UK register of seroconverters) and a single large HIV clinic (active case ascertainment). Participants: 69 patients infected with HIV between June 1994 and August 2000. Main outcome measures: Prevalence of key mutations associated with drug resistance in the reverse transcriptase and protease genes of HIV-1, by year of infection. Results: Between June 1994 and August 2000, 10 (14%) of 69 newly infected patients had one or more key HIV-1 mutations associated with drug resistance. The risk of being infected with drug resistant virus increased over time (adjusted relative risk per year 1.74 (95% confidence interval 0.93 to 3.27), P=0.06). The estimated prevalence of drug resistance in those infected in 2000 was 27% (12% to 48%). Conclusions: Transmission of drug resistant HIV-1 in the United Kingdom seems to be increasing. New approaches to encourage safer sexual behaviour in all sectors of the population are urgently needed. What is already known on this topic: The emergence of HIV drug resistance in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy is common. Transmission of virus variants resistant to anti-HIV drugs has been documented. What this paper adds: The prevalence of transmitted HIV drug resistance in the United Kingdom is increasing, exceeding 20% in 2000. New approaches to encourage safer sexual behaviour are urgently needed

Confronting the social mandate for nursing scholarship – One school of nursing’s journey.

The move to advance the qualification of nurses has necessitated the expansion of baccalaureate degree level nursing education to colleges and other less research-intensive post-secondary institutions in Canada and beyond. Shifts in the post-secondary institutional contexts of nursing education necessitate a re-thinking of the mandate and purpose of scholarship in nursing and how it can be sustained. Over a span of forty years, Thompson Rivers University School of Nursing has evolved from a community college program to one situated in a university college, and most recently within a new university. In this paper, we describe the purpose and process of developing our faculty scholarship within these distinct institutional forms. We offer our retrospective and perspective on how faculty in different types of institutions must contribute to the research mandate of the discipline of nursing and bring renewed strengths to other forms of scholarship required to advance the profession in the 21st century. We also describe how scholarship as a way of being is integral to sustaining quality academic environments for nursing education. This reflection adds to the growing literature describing challenges of renewal, resources, and relevance within nursing education around the world. A deeper understanding and examination of these challenges brings the promise of strategic direction in policy arenas for the sustainability of the professoriate and its capacity for both educating the nursing workforce and developing the discipline. _________________ Dans la foulée du renforcement des compétences des infirmières, la formation de niveau baccalauréat en sciences infirmières a nécessité la participation des collèges et d’autres établissements postsecondaires moins axés sur la recherche, au Canada et ailleurs. En raison des changements de contextes de la formation en sciences infirmières, dans des institutions postsecondaires, il importe de s’attarder au mandat social des corps professoraux face à l’avancement des connaissances en sciences infirmières, au but de ce mandat et à sa pérennité. Sur une période de quarante ans, notre école de sciences infirmières d’un collège communautaire est passée vers un collège universitaire pour être, tout récemment, située dans une nouvelle université. Dans cet article, nous décrivons le but et le processus de notre développement comme corps professoral quant à l’avancement des connaissances à travers ces formes institutionnelles distinctes. Nous offrons une rétrospective et notre perspective sur la manière dont les corps professoraux des différents types d’établissement, doivent contribuer au mandat de recherche de la discipline infirmière tout en renforçant d’autres formes d’avancement de connaissances essentielles au développement de la profession au 21e siècle. Nous décrivons également comment la participation à l’avancement des connaissances, comme façon d’être, fait partie intégrante du maintien de la qualité des milieux académiques universitaires pour la formation en sciences infirmières. La présente réflexion s’ajoute aux écrits de plus en plus nombreux qui portent sur les défis liés au renouvellement, aux ressources et à la pertinence du corps professoral dans le domaine des sciences infirmières dans le monde entier. Une meilleure compréhension et un examen plus approfondi de ces défis permettent d’entrevoir une orientation stratégique sur le plan des politiques visant la pérennité du corps professoral et sa capacité à la fois de former la relève infirmière et de développer la discipline

The stellar, molecular gas and dust content of the host galaxies of two z~2.8 dust obscured quasars

We present optical through radio observations of the host galaxies of two dust obscured, luminous quasars selected in the mid-infrared, at z=2.62 and z=2.99, including a search for CO emission. Our limits on the CO luminosities are consistent with these objects having masses of molecular gas <~10^10 solar masses, several times less than those of luminous submillimeter-detected galaxies (SMGs) at comparable redshifts. Their near-infrared spectral energy distributions, however, imply that these galaxies have high stellar masses (~10^11-12 solar masses). The relatively small reservoirs of molecular gas and low dust masses are consistent with them being relatively mature systems at high-z.Comment: AJ, in pres

Efficacy of interventions that use apps to improve diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour : a systematic review

Background: Health and fitness applications (apps) have gained popularity in interventions to improve diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviours but their efficacy is unclear. This systematic review examined the efficacy of interventions that use apps to improve diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adults. Methods: Systematic literature searches were conducted in five databases to identify papers published between 2006 and 2016. Studies were included if they used a smartphone app in an intervention to improve diet, physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour for prevention. Interventions could be stand-alone interventions using an app only, or multi-component interventions including an app as one of several intervention components. Outcomes measured were changes in the health behaviours and related health outcomes (i.e., fitness, body weight, blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol, quality of life). Study inclusion and methodological quality were independently assessed by two reviewers. Results: Twenty-seven studies were included, most were randomised controlled trials (n = 19; 70%). Twenty-three studies targeted adults (17 showed significant health improvements) and four studies targeted children (two demonstrated significant health improvements). Twenty-one studies targeted physical activity (14 showed significant health improvements), 13 studies targeted diet (seven showed significant health improvements) and five studies targeted sedentary behaviour (two showed significant health improvements). More studies (n = 12; 63%) of those reporting significant effects detected between-group improvements in the health behaviour or related health outcomes, whilst fewer studies (n = 8; 42%) reported significant within-group improvements. A larger proportion of multi-component interventions (8 out of 13; 62%) showed significant between-group improvements compared to stand-alone app interventions (5 out of 14; 36%). Eleven studies reported app usage statistics, and three of them demonstrated that higher app usage was associated with improved health outcomes. Conclusions: This review provided modest evidence that app-based interventions to improve diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviours can be effective. Multi-component interventions appear to be more effective than standalone app interventions, however, this remains to be confirmed in controlled trials. Future research is needed on the optimal number and combination of app features, behaviour change techniques, and level of participant contact needed to maximise user engagement and intervention efficacy