STUDI KUALITATIF MOTIVASI KERJA PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL PADA BADAN PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DAN PEMERINTAHAN DESA KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TIMUR

Selama ini, PNS divonis sebagai organ birokrasi yang paling tidak produktif, lamban, korup, dan inefisien. Citra pelayanan publik digambarkan dengan prosedur yang memakan waktu lama dan berbiaya mahal. Motivasi diperlukan dalam suatu organisasi karena dapat mendorong kinerja pegawai. Tujuan ini dapat dicapai jika manajer suatu organisasi memahami dengan tepat jenis-jenis motivasi dalam rangka mendorong pegawai untuk bekerja dan memberikan insentif terhadap hasil pekerjaannya. Jenis penelitian ini adalah dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang bertujuan memahami fenomena tentang apa yang dialami oleh subjek penelitian dan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan tipe penelitian deskriptif, yaitu memberikan gambaran yang cermat mengenai suatu individu, kendala, gejala, ataupun pada kelompok tertentu faktor pemenuhan kebutuhan keamanan dan keselamatan kerja yang meliputi ketenangan dalam bekerja, kebebasan berpendapat, kebebasan berinovasi, jaminan kesehatan, jaminan hari tua/pensiun, kelengkapan fasilitas kerja, lokasi pekerjaan, dan kenyamanan dalam bekerja mampu memotivasi pegawai untuk meningkatkan kinerjanya namun dalam penelitian ini secara khusus saya membahas tentang lokasi pekerjaan

One Health: The global challenge of epidemic and endemic leishmaniasis

'One Health' proposes the unification of medical and veterinary sciences with the establishment of collaborative ventures in clinical care, surveillance and control of cross-species disease, education, and research into disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and vaccination. The concept encompasses the human population, domestic animals and wildlife, and the impact that environmental changes ('environmental health') such as global warming will have on these populations. Visceral leishmaniasis is a perfect example of a small companion animal disease for which prevention and control might abolish or decrease the suffering of canine and human patients, and which aligns well with the One Health approach. In this review we discuss how surveillance for leishmaniases is undertaken globally through the control of anthroponootic visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) and zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL). The ZVL epidemic has been managed to date by the culling of infected dogs, treatment of human cases and control of the sandfly vector by insecticidal treatment of human homes and the canine reservoir. Recently, preventive vaccination of dogs in Brazil has led to reduction in the incidence of the canine and human disease. Vaccination permits greater dog owner compliance with control measures than a culling programme. Another advance in disease control in Africa is provided by a surveillance programme that combines remote satellite sensing, ecological modelling, vector surveillance and geo-spatial mapping of the distribution of vectors and of the animal-to-animal or animal-to-human pathogen transmission. This coordinated programme generates advisory notices and alerts on emerging infectious disease outbreaks that may impede or avoid the spreading of visceral leishmaniasis to new areas of the planet as a consequence of global warming

LeishVet update and recommendations on feline leishmaniosis

Limited data is available on feline leishmaniosis (FeL) caused by Leishmania infantum worldwide. The LeishVet group presents in this report a review of the current knowledge on FeL, the epidemiological role of the cat in L. infantum infection, clinical manifestations, and recommendations on diagnosis, treatment and monitoring, prognosis and prevention of infection, in order to standardize the management of this disease in cats. The consensus of opinions and recommendations was formulated by combining a comprehensive review of evidence-based studies and case reports, clinical experience and critical consensus discussions. While subclinical feline infections are common in areas endemic for canine leishmaniosis, clinical illness due to L. infantum in cats is rare. The prevalence rates of feline infection with L. infantum in serological or molecular-based surveys range from 0 % to more than 60 %. Cats are able to infect sand flies and, therefore, they may act as a secondary reservoir, with dogs being the primary natural reservoir. The most common clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities compatible with FeL include lymph node enlargement and skin lesions such as ulcerative, exfoliative, crusting or nodular dermatitis (mainly on the head or distal limbs), ocular lesions (mainly uveitis), feline chronic gingivostomatitis syndrome, mucocutaneous ulcerative or nodular lesions, hypergammaglobulinaemia and mild normocytic normochromic anaemia. Clinical illness is frequently associated with impaired immunocompetence, as in case of retroviral coinfections or immunosuppressive therapy. Diagnosis is based on serology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cytology, histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) or culture. If serological testing is negative or low positive in a cat with clinical signs compatible with FeL, the diagnosis of leishmaniosis should not be excluded and additional diagnostic methods (cytology, histology with IHC, PCR, culture) should be employed. The most common treatment used is allopurinol. Meglumine antimoniate has been administered in very few reported cases. Both drugs are administered alone and most cats recover clinically after therapy. Follow-up of treated cats with routine laboratory tests, serology and PCR is essential for prevention of clinical relapses. Specific preventative measures for this infection in cats are currently not available

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xiv,114 hlm.:Ilus.:tab.:22 cm

Immunology of canine leishmaniasis

The role of dogs as the main reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis has led to an increased interest in the immune responses and in Leishmania antigens implicated in protective cellular immunity in canine visceral leishmaniasis. the primary goal is to control the prevalence of human disease. Immune responses in canine visceral leishmaniasis are reviewed. Cellular immune responses toward a Th1 subset mediated by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha predominate in asymptomatic dogs exhibiting apparent resistance to visceral leishmaniasis. On the other hand, while the role of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10, in symptomatic animals is still controversial, there is increasing evidence for a correlation of these cytokines with progressive disease. CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells seem also likely to be involved in resistance to visceral leishmaniasis. Several Leishmania antigens implicated in protective immune responses are described and some pivotal points for development of an effective vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis are discussed.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Div Parasitol, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Div Parasitol, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc