Disposition kinetics and dosage regimen of levofloxacin on concomitant administration with paracetamol in crossbred calves

The disposition kinetics of levofloxacin was investigated in six male crossbred calves following single intravenous administration, at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight, into the jugular vein subsequent to a single intramuscular injection of paracetamol (50 mg/kg). At 1 min after the injection of levofloxacin, the concentration of levofloxacin in plasma was 17.2 ± 0.36 µg/ml, which rapidly declined to 6.39 ± 0.16 µg/ml at 10 min. The drug level above the MIC90 in plasma, was detected for up to 10 h. Levofloxacin was rapidly distributed from blood to the tissue compartment as evidenced by the high values of the distribution coefficient, α (17.3 ± 1.65 /h) and the ratio of K12/K21 (1.83 ± 0.12). The values of AUC and Vdarea were 12.7 ± 0.12 µg.h/ml and 0.63 ± 0.01 l/kg. The high ratio of the AUC/MIC (126.9 ± 1.18) obtained in this study indicated the excellent antibacterial activity of levofloxacin in calves. The elimination half-life, MRT and total body clearance were 1.38 ± 0.01 h, 1.88 ± 0.01 h and 0.32 ± 0.003 l/kg/h, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic parameters, an appropriate intravenous dosage regimen for levofloxacin would be 5 mg/kg repeated at 24 h intervals when prescribed with paracetamol in calves

Retrieval of columnar aerosol size distributions from spectral attenuation measurements over Central Himalayas

Extensive measurements of spectral aerosol optical depths (AODs) were made at Manora Peak, Nainital (29.4°N, 79.5°E, ~1958 m above mean sea level) in the central Himalayas, using a ten channel multi-wavelength solar radiometer during January 2002 to December 2005. Using these spectral AOD values, the columnar size distribution [CSD; nc(r)] function of aerosols have been derived. The CSD, retrieved from spectral AODs are, in general, bimodal (combination of power law and unimodal log normal distribution) with a prominent secondary (or coarse) mode occurring at a fairly large value of radius (r >0.5 µm), while the primary (or fine) mode either does not appear explicitly or perhaps occurs below the radius ≅ 0.1 µm. The bimodal nature of CSDs indicates the presence of fine as well as coarse mode aerosols over the observational site. The effective radius, total aerosol number content and columnar mass loading computed from deduced CSD shows minimum values during winter (November to February) and maximum during summer (March to June) months. The share of sub micron and super micron aerosols to the total aerosol number concentration (Nt) indicates the dominance of sub micron aerosols to the Nt and it accounts for > 90% during the study period

Aerosol Characteristics at a high-altitude station Nainital during the ISRO-GBP Land Campaign-II

During the second land campaign (LC-II) organised by ISRO-GBP, extensive ground-based measurements of aerosol characteristics were carried out over Manora Peak (29.4oN; 79.5oE; 1951 metres above mean sea level), Nainital (a high altitude station located in the Shivalik ranges of Central Himalayas) during the dry, winter season (December) of 2004. These measurements included the spectral aerosol optical depths (AOD), columnar water vapour content (W), Total Columnar Ozone (TCO), total number concentration (NT) of near surface aerosols, mass concentration of black carbon (MB), aerosol mass loading (MT), and Global Solar Radiation. Based on these measured parameters, we present the results on the near-surface and columnar properties of atmospheric aerosols at Nainital.Comment: Published in the Proceedings of the ISRO-GBP Land-Campaign-II meeting, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmadabad (Inida), March 200

Raspodjela levofloksacina i njegovo izlučivanje mokraćom u febrilne križane teladi.

Disposition and urinary excretion of levofloxacin following a single intravenous administration of 4 mg/kg body mass were investigated in six febrile crossbred calves. The drug levels in plasma and urine were estimated by microbiological assay. Levofloxacin was rapidly distributed from the blood to the tissue compartment, as evidenced by the high values of the distribution coefficient (9.93 ± 0.73 h -1). The high AUC (11.5 ± 0.95 µg/mL/h) indicated good antibacterial activity of levofloxacin in calves. The elimination half-life, volume of distribution and total body clearance were 2.22 ± 0.07 h, 1.18 ± 0.15 L/kg and 0.36 ± 0.03 L/kg/h, respectively. About 37.7 per cent of the administered dose of levofloxacin was eliminated in urine within 24 h. An appropriate intravenous dosage regimen for levofloxacin would be 5.0 mg/kg, repeated at 12 h intervals for the treatment of bacterial infections, manifested with fever in calves.Istražena je raspodjela levofloksacina i njegovo izlučivanje mokraćom nakon jednokratne intravenske primjene u dozi od 4 mg/kg tjelesne mase u šestero febrilne križane teladi. Razine lijeka u plazmi i mokraći bile su procijenjene na osnovi mikrobiološkog postupka. Levofloksacin se brzo proširio iz krvi u tkiva što je vidljivo po visokim vrijednostima koeficijenta raspodjele (9,93 ± 0,73 h). Visoki AUC (površina ispod krivulje) (11,5 ± 0,95 µg/mL/sat) upućuje na dobro antibakterijsko djelovanje levofloksacina u teladi. Poluvrijeme eliminacije iznosilo je 2,22 ± 0,07 sati, volumen raspodjele 1,18 ± 0,15 L/kg, a ukupni klirens 0,36 ± 0,03 L/kg/sat. Oko 37,7% primijenjene doze levofloksacina bilo je tijekom 24 sata izlučeno putem mokraće. Kod bakterijskih zaraza što se očituju vrućicom levofloksacin treba primijeniti u dozi od 5,0 mg/kg u razmaku od 12 sati

Os níveis plasmáticos, farmacocinética e regime de dosagem de gatifloxacina administrado por via intravenosa em bezerros búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) na administração concomitante com meloxicam

The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered gatifloxacin, upon concomitant administration with meloxicam was investigated in buffalo calves. Meloxicam was administered subcutaneously (0.5 mg.kg-1) immediately followed by intravenous administration of Gatifloxacin (4 mg.kg-1). The concentration of gatifloxacin was estimated in plasma by microbiological assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and appropriate dosage schedule was computed. The therapeutic plasma drug concentration was maintained up to 12 h. Gatifloxacin was rapidly distributed from blood to tissue compartment, which was evident from the high values of distribution rate constant, α1 (11.9 ± 0.52 h-1) and the ratio of rate constant of transfer of drug from central to peripheral compartments and vice versa, K12/K21 (3.05 ± 0.36) and K13/K31 (2.04 ± 0.12). The area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve and apparent volume of distribution were 12.0 ± 0.68 µg.ml-1.h and 2.69 ± 0.14 L.kg-1, respectively. The elimination half-life (t1/2β), total body clearance (ClB) and the ratio of drug present in peripheral to central compartment (P/C) were 5.59 ± 0.40 h, 337.6 ± 19.9 ml.kg-1.h-1 and 8.04 ± 0.50, respectively. The present study revealed that the most suitable dosage regimen of gatifloxacin when concomitantly administered with meloxicam in buffalo calves would be 2.5 mg.kg-1 followed by 2.0 mg.kg-1 at 12 h intervals.Investigou-se a farmacocinética da gatifloxacina, administrada por via intravenosa, concomitante à aplicação de meloxicam em bezerros búfalos. O meloxicam foi administrado por via subcutânea (0,5 mg.kg-1), imediatamente seguido pela administração intravenosa de gatifloxacina (4 mg.kg-1). A concentração plasmática de gatifloxacina foi estimada por ensaio microbiológico. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos foram calculados e a posologia adequada foi computada. A concentração plasmática do fármaco-terapêutico foi mantida por 12 h. A gatifloxacina foi rapidamente distribuída a partir de sangue para o compartimento de tecido, o que ficou evidente a partir dos valores elevados da taxa constante de distribuição, α1 (11.9 ± 0.52 h-1) e a proporção de velocidade constante de transferência de droga a partir de centrais para os compartimentos periféricos e vice-versa, K12/K21 (3.05 ± 0.36) e K13/K31 (2.04 ± 0.12). A área sob a curva plasmática de concentração-tempo da droga e o volume aparente de distribuição foi de 12.0 ± 0.68 µg.ml-1.h e 2.69 ± 0.14 L.kg-1, respectivamente. A meia-vida (t1/2β), a depuração corporal total (ClB) e relação da droga presente no sangue periférico para o compartimento central (P/C) foram 5.59 ± 0.40 h, 337.6 ± 19.9 ml.kg-1.h-1 e 8.04 ± 0.50, respectivamente. O presente estudo revelou que o regime de dosagem mais adequado de gatifloxacina quando administrada concomitantemente com meloxicam em bezerros búfalos seria 2,5 mg.kg-1 seguida de 2,0 mg.kg-1 em intervalos de 12 h

A review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and climate in China

Biomass burning (BB) is a significant air pollution source, with global, regional and local impacts on air quality, public health and climate. Worldwide an extensive range of studies has been conducted on almost all the aspects of BB, including its specific types, on quantification of emissions and on assessing its various impacts. China is one of the countries where the significance of BB has been recognized, and a lot of research efforts devoted to investigate it, however, so far no systematic reviews were conducted to synthesize the information which has been emerging. Therefore the aim of this work was to comprehensively review most of the studies published on this topic in China, including literature concerning field measurements, laboratory studies and the impacts of BB indoors and outdoors in China. In addition, this review provides insights into the role of wildfire and anthropogenic BB on air quality and health globally. Further, we attempted to provide a basis for formulation of policies and regulations by policy makers in China

Farmakokinetika gatifloksacina u bivolje teladi nakon jednokratne intramuskularne primjene

The pharmacokinetics and in vivo plasma protein binding of gatifloxacin after a single intramuscular injection of 4 mg/kg were studied in buffalo calves. The minimum therapeutic concentration of drug was maintained in plasma from 1 min to 12 h. Gatifloxacin was rapidly absorbed from the extravascular site of injection, as evident from the high value of absorption rate constant (4.91 ± 0.22 /h) and attained a Cmax of 2.98 ± 0.08 μg/mL at 1h. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve and apparent volume of distribution were 10.8 ± 0.64 μg/mL/h and 3.2 ± 0.08 L/kg, respectively. Elimination half-life and total body clearance were 7.45 ± 0.55 h and 301.5 ± 34.4 mL/kg/h, respectively. Cmax/MIC ratio was 14.9 ± 0.3 and systemic bioavailability was 79.7 ± 3.35 per cent. Gatifloxacin was bound to plasma proteins of buffalo calves to the extent of 25.0 ± 1.05 per cent. A suitable intramuscular dosage regimen of gatifloxacin in buffalo calves would be 6.0 mg/kg followed by 5.3 mg/kg at 24 h intervals.Farmakokinetika i in vivo vezanje gatifloksacina na proteine plazme istraživani su u bivolje teladi nakon jednokratne intramuskularne primjene u dozi od 4 mg/kg. Minimalna terapijska koncentracija lijeka održavana je u plazmi u tijeku od 1 minute do 12 sati. Gatifloksacin se brzo resorbirao s mjesta ubrizgavanja što je vidljivo po visokoj vrijednosti konstante brzine apsorpcije (4,91 ± 0,22 sati) i postignute Cmax 2,98 ± 0,08 μg/mL/sat. Površina ispod koncentracijske krivulje u plazmi iznosila je 10,8 ± 0,64 μg/mL/sat, a prividni volumen raspodjele 3,2 ± 0,08 L/kg. Poluvrijeme izlučivanja iznosilo je 7,45 ± 0,55 sati, a ukupni tjelesni klirens 301,5 ± 34,4 mL/kg/sat. Omjer Cmax/MIC bio je 14,9 ± 0,3, a sustavna bioraspoloživost iznosila je 79,7 ± 3,35%. Gatifloksacin je bio vezan na bjelančevine plazme do 25,0 ± 1,05%. Prikladno intramuskularno doziranje u bivolje teladi bilo bi 6,0 mg/kg, a u sljedećim dozama treba davati 5,3 mg/kg u razmacima od 24 sata