1,309 research outputs found
SOLON: An autonomous vehicle mission planner
The State-Operator Logic Machine (SOLON) Planner provides an architecture for effective real-time planning and replanning for an autonomous vehicle. The highlights of the system, which distinguish it from other AI-based planners that have been designed previously, are its hybrid application of state-driven control architecture and the use of both schematic representations and logic programming for the management of its knowledge base. SOLON is designed to provide multiple levels of planning for a single autonomous vehicle which is supplied with a skeletal, partially-specified mission plan at the outset of the vehicle's operations. This mission plan consists of a set of objectives, each of which will be decomposable by the planner into tasks. These tasks are themselves comparatively complex sets of actions which are executable by a conventional real-time control system which does not perform planning but which is capable of making adjustments or modifications to the provided tasks according to constraints and tolerances provided by the Planner. The current implementation of the SOLON is in the form of a real-time simulation of the Planner module of an Intelligent Vehicle Controller (IVC) on-board an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The simulation is embedded within a larger simulator environment known as ICDS (Intelligent Controller Development System) operating on a Symbolics 3645/75 computer
Impact specimen geometry on T23 and TP347HFG steels behaviour during steam oxidation at harsh conditions
Ferritic T23 steel and austenitic TP347HFG steel have been studied with an emphasis on understanding the impact of specimen geometry on their steam oxidation behaviour. The selected materials were tested over a wide range of temperatures from 600 to 750°C. The tests were carried out in 100% steam conditions for 1000 hours. The tests indicated that the ‘curved-shaped’ specimens show slower mass gain, scale ticking and void nucleation rates than ‘bridge-shaped’ specimens (with flat and convex surfaces combined). Furthermore, a bridge TP347HFG sample showed the formation of lower amount of flaky oxide at 750°C.We would like to acknowledge the support of The Energy Programme, which is a Research Councils UK cross council initiative led by EPSRC and contributed to by ESRC, NERC, BBSRC and STFC, and specifically the Supergen initiative (Grants GRyS86334y01 and EPyF029748) and the following companies; Alstom Power Ltd., Doosan Babcock, E.ON, National Physical Laboratory, Praxair Surface Technologies Ltd, QinetiQ, Rolls-Royce plc, RWE npower, Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd. and Tata Steel, for their valuable contributions to the project
Analysis of high temperature steam oxidation of superheater steels used in coal fired boilers
The present work compares the behaviour of four steels: (T23, T92, T347HFG, Super304H) in the temperature range 600–750 °C. This study focuses on the analysis of the oxidation kinetics in terms of mass change, metal loss and thickness change of the selected materials. In order to understand the differences in oxidation rates between the selected steels, the impact of chromium and the alloying elements were considered in this work. The obtained results show that the impact of alloying elements differs with exposure conditions and importance of the synergy effect
Fireside corrosion degradation of ferritic alloys at 600°C in oxy-fired conditions
This paper reports the results of a study carried out to investigate the effects of simulated coal/biomass combustion conditions on the fireside corrosion. The 1000 h deposit recoat exposure (5 × 200 h cycles) was carried out at 600 °C. In these tests ferritic alloys were used 15Mo3, T22, T23 and T91. Kinetics data were generated for the alloys exposed using both traditional weight change methods and metal loss measurements. The highest rate of corrosion based on EDX results occurred under D1 deposit where provoke mainly by the formation of alkali iron tri-sulphate phase
Third-dredge-up oxygen in planetary nebulae
The planetary nebulae He 2-436 and Wray 16-423 in the Sagittarius dwarf
galaxy appear to result from nearly twin stars, except that third-dredge-up
carbon is more abundant in He 2-436. A thorough photoionization-model analysis
implies that ratios Ne/O, S/O and Ar/O are significantly smaller in He 2-436,
indicative of third-dredge-up oxygen enrichment. The enrichment of oxygen with
respect to carbon is (7 +/- 4)%. Excess nitrogen in Wray 16-423 suggests third
dredge-up of late CN-cycle products even in these low-mass,
intermediate-metallicity stars.Comment: To appear in Astron. Astrophys. Lett. (Latex, 5 pages, 1 postscript
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The connection between the papillary muscles and leaflets of the tricuspid valve
The tricuspid valve is more differentiated during evolutionary development than
the mitral valve. In birds it is a muscular structure joined directly to the papillary
muscles, although the mitral valve of birds resembles that of mammals. There
have been well-known studies describing the evolutionary line of connection of
the tricuspid valve with the papillary muscles.
The present study was performed on a group of 107 formalin-fixed adult human
hearts. The valves and papillary muscles were classified according to a scheme for
human hearts drawn up earlier. The types of connection between leaflets of the
tricuspid valve and the papillary muscles were classified according to a scheme drawn
up earlier for vertebrates. We observed 3 types of connection between leaflets of
the tricuspid valve and the papillary muscles in the group studied. The muscular and
membranous connections were not linked with any one type of tricuspid valve.
Atypical forms of distribution of the tendinous chords of the right ventricle were
observed. It was found that valves with a higher number of leaflets were (with the
exception of type 0) provided with a smaller number of tendinous chords.
Atavistic features and atypical forms of distribution of the tendinous chords are
present in a small percentage of samples of the human right valvular apparatus
The morphology and distribution of the tendinous chords and their relation to the papillary muscles in the tricuspid valve of the human heart
The tendinous chords of the tricuspid valve are the predominant type of connection
between the papillary muscles and the tricuspid valve. Studies describing
the evolutionary line of these connections are well known. The flexibility of
particular leaflets of the tricuspid valve varies, as does the tension of the blood
stream in particular cusps.
The present study was performed on a group of 96 formalin-fixed adult human
hearts, which ranged in age from 18 to 90 years and gave no evidence of congenital
malformations or pathological changes. The valves were divided into five
types according to earlier studies and analysis was made in terms of these types.
The tendinous chords and their ramifications were counted. The surfaces of
particular leaflets were measured. The ratio of marginal to ventricular leaflets
was counted for each type of leaflet in particular types of valves. The parts of
the main leaflets supported by specific papillary muscles were counted for types
1, 2 and 3.
The number of tendinous chords decreased in leaflets in particular types of tricuspid
valve, but the ratio of chords attached to the margins and ventricular
surfaces was similar. The number of chords for the surface of leaflets (measured
in mm2) was similar in particular types of valve for all cusps.
The most differentiated were commissural chords in all types of valve. The ratio
of chords attached to the margins and ventricular surfaces does not depend on
the surface area of the leaflets
The morphology of the right atrioventricular valve in the adult human heart
Studies of the morphometry and normal anatomy of the tricuspid valve are in
constant demand. Knowledge of the morphology of the normal tricuspid valve
may be useful, for example in the context of the transfer of a leaflet of the
tricuspid valve for repair or insufficiency of the mitral valve, in repair of the
tricuspid valve after blunt chest trauma and in other surgical techniques of this
region. In this study, performed in a group of 107 formalin-fixed adult human
hearts, we attempted to assess the form and number of the main and accessory
cusps in the tricuspid valve. Rare anatomical variants of the tricuspid valve were
found. Using a planimeter we evaluated the surface area of the tricuspid valve
and particular leaflets. With the help of a Vernier scale we measured the length
and height of individual leaflets of the tricuspid valve and the length of the
commissures. No differences were found between the length of the anterior
and septal leaflets. The posterior leaflet was the shortest, while the anterior
leaflet was the widest and had the largest surface area. The posterior leaflet
was wider than the septal leaflet and had the smallest surface area. No differences
were found between the main and accessory leaflets in the length of
the commissures
Microscopic study of right fibrous annulus
The term annulus fibrous is still used in anatomical and clinical terminology but
does not exist in anatomical nomenclature. This structure is proposed as an
anatomical substrate for circus movement of excitation. Multiple cardiac damage
after blunt chest trauma is rare, but usually affects the septal part of the
right fibrous annulus. Histological observation confirms the results of our previous
macroscopic study and shows that the most stable part of fibrous annulus
is the septal part and the region of anterior angle of the right ventricle, and the
most labile parts are the lateral and posterior angles of the right ventricle and
the posterior part of the fibrous annulus. Our histological study shows that the
right fibrous annulus is a heterogeneous structure and may play a role in changes
of shape of the right atrio-ventricular ostium during human life
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