THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE EMERGING MARKETS

The emerging markets emerge and develop in the larger context of the international financial market development "is a consequence of the needs expressed by investors and those who wish to place their financial capital." Thus, to achieve a certain level of saturation economic zones and the lack of attractiveness of gains obtainable in certain markets determine the migration of capital to areas that are or may become interesting in terms of the gains that are achieved by investing in these areas in conjunction minimizing market risk assumed

Self-organised criticality in base-pair breathing in DNA with a defect

We analyse base-pair breathing in a DNA sequence of 12 base-pairs with a defective base at its centre. We use both all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and a system of stochastic differential equations (SDE). In both cases, Fourier analysis of the trajectories reveals self-organised critical behaviour in the breathing of base-pairs. The Fourier Transforms (FT) of the interbase distances show power-law behaviour with gradients close to -1. The scale-invariant behaviour we have found provides evidence for the view that base-pair breathing corresponds to the nucleation stage of large-scale DNA opening (or 'melting') and that this process is a (second-order) phase transition. Although the random forces in our SDE system were introduced as white noise, FTs of the displacements exhibit pink noise, as do the displacements in the AMBER/MD simulations.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figure

Stochastic nonlinear models of DNA breathing at a defect

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a long polymer consisting of two chains of bases, in which the genetic information is stored. A base from one chain has a corresponding base on the other chain which together form a so-called base-pair. Molecular-dynamics simulations of a normal DNA duplex show that breathing events – the temporary opening of one or more base-pairs – typically occur on the microsecond time-scale. Using the molecular dynamics package AMBER, we analyse, for different twist angles in the range 30-40 degrees of twist, a 12 basepair DNA duplex solvated in a water box, which contains the ’rogue’ base difluorotoluene (F) in place of a thymine base (T). This replacement makes breathing occur on the nanosecond time-scale. The time spent simulating such large systems, as well as the variation of breathing length and frequency with helical twist, determined us to create a simplified model, which is capable to predict with accuracy the DNA behaviour. Starting from a nonlinear Klein-Gordon lattice model and adding noise and damping to our system, we obtain a new mesoscopic model of the DNA duplex, close to that observed in experiments and all-atom MD simulations. Defects are considered in the inter-chain interactions as well as in the along-chain interactions. The system parameters are fitted to AMBER data using the maximum likelihood method. This model enables us to discuss the role of the fluctuation-dissipation relations in the derivation of reduced (mesoscopic) models, the differences between the potential of mean force and the potential energies used in Klein-Gordon lattices and how breathing can be viewed as competition between the along-chain elastic energy, the inter-chain binding energy and the entropy term of the system’s free energy. Using traditional analysis methods, such as principal component analysis, data autocorrelation, normal modes and Fourier transform, we compare the AMBER and SDE simulations to emphasize the strength of the proposed model. In addition, the Fourier transform of the trajectory of the A-F base-pair suggests that DNA is a self-organised system and our SDE model is also capable of preserving this behaviour. However, we reach the conclusion that the critical DNA behaviour needs further investigations, since it might offer some information about bubble nucleation and growth and even about DNA transcription and replication

THE CHART ROMANIA-NATO-UE

viewed in the context of geopolitical and geostrategic current and through the elements of distinction in terms of identity and cultural institutions, chart Romania - NATO / Israel - EU stands under the sign of the common interest channel, firstly, on common values and hence the collective interests of the partners involved in the two organizational structures. Noteworthy in this context is the extent of bilateral involvement of Romania in the bodies and the politico-military, represented by NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization), which is primarily military values and the construction superstate permanent expansion and development - European Union , both generating as much for our country as obligations of a politico-military security, and economic, social, institutional, cultural

THE ACTIONS PROGRAMMES IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENT AND THE INTEGRATED PRODUCT POLICY

One of the most important strategies to achieve the objectives of sustainable development is to promote a coherent legal system in the European Union. The trends and priorities are mapped and monitored under the Programme of Action on the environment. The environmental Action Programmes are documents underpinning EU environmental policy. The first of these programs was adopted by the European Council in 1972 and was followed by five others. These action programs are actually a combination of medium-term programs, coupled with a strategic approach and is characterized by a vertical and sectoral environmental problems. Since 1973, the European Community action program in the field of environment have become an increasingly important role. The European Community Treaty of 1986 is the legal basis of EU environmental policy. The Article 174 outlines environmental policy objectives and defines its purpose - ensuring a high level of environmental protection taking into account the diversity of situations in different regions of the European Union. The underlying objectives of EU environmental policy, under Article 174, are: • the preserve, protect and improve the environment; • the protection of human health; •the rational use of natural resources; •a promoting measures at international level to treat regional environmental issues. The Article 175 identifies the appropriate legislative procedures to this end and establishes the decisionmaking in environmental policy. The Article 176 allows Member States to adopt and stricter standards if it is deemed important and if it is justified. The "Sustainable development" is mentioned early in Art. 2 of the Treaty of Amsterdam Treaty which underlies the formation of the European Community. The Article 6 promotes sustainable development as a cross-cutting policy of the European Union, highlighting the need to integrate environmental protection requirements into the definition and implementation of EU sectorial policies. The Article 95 of the Treaty of Amsterdam is the harmonization of legislation on health, environment and consumer protection in the Member States, while allowing the inclusion of national legal provisions in order to better protect the environment

THE OPPORTUNITY TO ADDRESS THE SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ROMANIA

Its economy experienced a sharp decline, coupled with a process of deindustrialization, projected on a phase of the property. In these circumstances, to discuss the sustainable development may seem inappropriate; therefore, be taken in steps such as halting the decline of the economy and industry; the industry revitalization and growth; the development that takes place according to the criteria of sustainable development. To this must be stopped declining industrial output and output stabilization. It must be found and made the necessary conditions leading to full use of the potential of the country, to stimulate those structural changes that allow the country to fall market economy conditions. To address the main criteria for sustainable industrial development since this time of economic downturn may be several reasons such as the need to respect the provisions of international treaties to which Romania is a party. Some of them may be mentioned as: putting control of Earth's greenhouse effect, preventing damage to the ozone layer (waiving of manufacture and use of chlorofluorocarbons), transboundary pollution and protection of large water basins of the border. Each of these treaties contain provisions that are converging concept of sustainable development. The entry into the European Union implies aligning Romanian legislation in the EU The EU Council adopted a common position, relative to a plan of action intended to give a new political impetus of the fifth environmental action program. The main objective of this program is the promotion of sustainable development throughout the economy. The Action Plan identifies priority areas for action, namely: • better integration of environmental issues into policies as those of agriculture, transport, energy, industry and tourism; • further development of basic tools acting on the market and, in particular, horizontal instruments; • improving enforcement and implementation of environmental legislation; • raising awareness to protect the environment. The following are considered priority themes: control climate change; protecting the ozone layer; acid rain control, improving air quality; water resource management; waste management; protection against noise; nature protection and biodiversity. The privatization of industrial enterprises is also an opportunity to assess damage to these facilities, the environment and solutions to remedy such damage. Existing law requires, these actions pave the ground for a sustainable approach to development industry. The works market organic products or opportunities for are: agricultural and food products labeled organic; technologies and processes used to "clean" manufacturing; Products with low pollutant potential (low sulfur fuels, unleaded petrol cars with catalytic emission control, etc.); use of renewable energy and raw materials to form the corresponding markets

THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CARDS ISSUED IN ROMANIA. THE ELECTRONIC PAYMENTS BASED ON THE VISA CARD

The electronic payments are a significant invention of sec. XXI, on the background of the development of telecommunications information technology in Romania. The spread of computers, public, fast and cheap telecoms, large-scale networks, and the Internet have created national, regional and global infrastructure, the current electronic payment systems, electronic money transfers and today's infrastructure of developed and developing economies. The electronic payment systems are the most dynamic part of the computerized, digital, local, regional and global economy. The components of the systems are card payment systems, e-commerce, and interbank and inter-company electronic transfers, with Visa and MasterCard telecommunication networks, the Internet and the SWIFT network

ECONOMICAL CRISIS IN ROMANIA – A CONSEQUENCE OF THE WRONG MIX OF MACRO-ECONOMICAL POLICIES

The economical crisis Romania starts to cross is mainly an internal crisis determined by the wrong mix of macro-economical policies established in the last years. Economic growth proves to be unhealthy; that is because we have had a growth based on consumption financed on debt during these years. Private consumption was excessive, but the population should not be blamed: all the macro-economical measures have been pro-cyclic, stimulating consumption; and the most damaging of the all, the unique rate, is still protected by its initiators who do not want to admit they were wrong. The unique rate has stimulated the consumption and we have nowadays the first crisis of overconsumption in Romania. The main cause is the excessive consumption on debt. The population cannot be blamed, but in the future it can be better informed and surely more precautious regarding the expectations for the own incomes. In exchange, the government may be criticized because it made a monumental strategic mistake: in a time of economical increase, it consumed all this increase and it indebted itself additionally. The budgetary deficit increased from 1,3% of PIB in 2008 to 2,6% last year and probably over 3% this year. Since the government has got to borrow hundreds of million euro with the date of payment of one week, the only logical conclusion is that there are no money for the current expenditures or for the ones already budgeted on the current year. It is absolutely inacceptable in a time of high economical increase for the budgetary deficit to increase, in consequence, the costs regarding its financing on a short term

THE ROMANIAN ENERGY STRATEGY FOR 2014-2020

In a context of increasingly globalized Romania's energy policy is implemented through changes and developments taking place at national and European level. In this context, Romania's energy policy should be correlated with similar documents at the European level so as to ensure our country's policy of European Union policy in the field. "National Energy Strategy for 2014-2020" represents significant progress in harmonizing the interests and priorities of EU policy in the field. Provisions explicit strategy focuses on three core objectives of EU energy policy, namely: 1) Strengthening the security of energy supply in the EU 2) Sustainable development 3) development of competitive markets as the main means of achieving objectives. They went bankrupt, while others have tried to overcome the crisis through loans or other strategies, such as layoffs, wage reduction or restriction markets. Anticrisis measures governments have taken individually, to protect the national economy and collectively (at EU level)

THE EXPANSION OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES GLOBALLY

The multinational firms now have a very important role to play in all countries' economies and international economic relations, turning into an increasingly important issue for governments. Through foreign direct investment, these firms can bring substantial gains to both home and host states by contributing to the efficient use of capital, technology and human resources across countries, and thus can play an important role in the development of economic prosperity and social issues. So the common goal of all countries is to stimulate positive contributions by which multinational firms can make economic and social progress and reduce or solve the difficulties that may arise from their operations