761 research outputs found
Indistinguishable Particles in Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction
In this article, we discuss the identity and indistinguishability of quantum
systems and the consequent need to introduce an extra postulate in Quantum
Mechanics to correctly describe situations involving indistinguishable
particles. This is, for electrons, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, or in
general, the Symmetrization Postulate. Then, we introduce fermions and bosons
and the distributions respectively describing their statistical behaviour in
indistinguishable situations. Following that, we discuss the spin-statistics
connection, as well as alternative statistics and experimental evidence for all
these results, including the use of bunching and antibunching of particles
emerging from a beam splitter as a signature for some bosonic or fermionic
states.Comment: To appear in Contemp. Phy
Inelastic collapse of a randomly forced particle
We consider a randomly forced particle moving in a finite region, which
rebounds inelastically with coefficient of restitution r on collision with the
boundaries. We show that there is a transition at a critical value of r,
r_c\equiv e^{-\pi/\sqrt{3}}, above which the dynamics is ergodic but beneath
which the particle undergoes inelastic collapse, coming to rest after an
infinite number of collisions in a finite time. The value of r_c is argued to
be independent of the size of the region or the presence of a viscous damping
term in the equation of motion.Comment: 4 pages, REVTEX, 2 EPS figures, uses multicol.sty and epsf.st
Similarity in cognitive complexity and attraction to friends and lovers: Experimental and correlational studies
Abstract OnlyTwo studies are reported examining whether similarities in cognitive complexity foster different forms of interpersonal attraction. Study 1 provided an experimental test of the hypothesis that perceivers would be more attracted to targets with similar levels of complexity than to targets with dissimilar levels of complexity. Participants read interpersonal impressions reflecting low and high levels of cognitive complexity and completed 3 assessments of attraction (social, task, and intellectual) to the source of the impressions. As predicted, there were significant interactions between perceiver complexity and target complexity such that high-complexity perceivers were more attracted to high-complexity targets than were low-complexity perceivers, whereas low-complexity perceivers were more attracted to low-complexity targets than were high-complexity perceivers. Unexpectedly, however, low-complexity perceivers were more attracted to a high-complexity target than a low-complexity target. Study 2 examined the effects of similarities in cognitive complexity on attraction among 126 pairs of dating partners. Partners having similar levels of cognitive complexity expressed significantly greater intellectual attraction to one another than partners having dissimilar levels of cognitive complexity
On the geometry of quantum indistinguishability
An algebraic approach to the study of quantum mechanics on configuration
spaces with a finite fundamental group is presented. It uses, in an essential
way, the Gelfand-Naimark and Serre-Swan equivalences and thus allows one to
represent geometric properties of such systems in algebraic terms. As an
application, the problem of quantum indistinguishability is reformulated in the
light of the proposed approach. Previous attempts aiming at a proof of the
spin-statistics theorem in non-relativistic quantum mechanics are explicitly
recast in the global language inherent to the presented techniques. This leads
to a critical discussion of single-valuedness of wave functions for systems of
indistinguishable particles. Potential applications of the methods presented in
this paper to problems related to quantization, geometric phases and phase
transitions in spin systems are proposed.Comment: 24 page
Response of nucleons to external probes in hedgehog models: II. General formalism
Linear response theory for SU(2) hedgehog soliton models is developed.Comment: 25 pages, DOE/ER/40322-163, U. of MD PP \#92-225, (ReVTeX
Optimization of R(e+e-) and "Freezing" of the QCD Couplant at Low Energies
The new result for the third-order QCD corrections to R_{e^+e^-}, unlike the
old, incorrect result, is nicely compatible with the
principle-of-minimal-sensitivity optimization method. Moreover, it leads to
infrared fixed-point behaviour: the optimized couplant, alpha_s/pi, for R(e+e-)
does not diverge at low energies, but "freezes" to a value 0.26 below about 300
MeV. This provides some direct theoretical evidence, purely from perturbation
theory, for the "freezing" of the couplant -- an idea that has long been a
popular and successful phenomenological hypothesis. We use the "smearing"
method of Poggio, Quinn, and Weinberg to compare the resulting theoretical
prediction for R(e+e-) with experimental data down to the lowest energies, and
find excellent agreement.Comment: 27 pages, LaTeX, 8 uuencoded figures, DE-FG05-92ER40717-
Sigma-term physics in the perturbative chiral quark model
We apply the perturbative chiral quark model (PCQM) at one loop to analyse
meson-baryon sigma-terms. Analytic expressions for these quantities are
obtained in terms of fundamental parameters of low-energy pion-nucleon physics
(weak pion decay constant, axial nucleon coupling, strong pion-nucleon form
factor) and of only one model parameter (radius of the nucleonic three-quark
core). Our result for the piN sigma term of about 45 MeV is in good agreement
with the value deduced by Gasser, Leutwyler and Sainio using
dispersion-relation techniques and exploiting the chiral symmetry constraints.Comment: 19 pages, LaTeX-file, 2 Figure
Identifying the sources driving observed PM2.5 temporal variability over Halifax, Nova Scotia, during BORTAS-B
The source attribution of observed variability of total PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations over Halifax, Nova Scotia was investigated between 11 July–26 August 2011 using measurements of PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass and PM<sub>2.5</sub> chemical composition (black carbon, organic matter, anions, cations and 33 elements). This was part of the BORTAS-B (quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants using aircraft and satellites) experiment, which investigated the atmospheric chemistry and transport of seasonal boreal wild fire emissions over eastern Canada in 2011. The US EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model was used to determine the average mass (percentage) source contribution over the 45 days, which was estimated to be: Long-Range Transport (LRT) Pollution 1.75 μg m<sup>−3</sup> (47%), LRT Pollution Marine Mixture 1.0 μg m<sup>−3</sup> (27.9%), Vehicles 0.49 μg m<sup>−3</sup> (13.2%), Fugitive Dust 0.23 μg m<sup>−3</sup> (6.3%), Ship Emissions 0.13 μg m<sup>−3</sup> (3.4%) and Refinery 0.081 μg m<sup>−3</sup> (2.2%). The PMF model describes 87% of the observed variability in total PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass (bias = 0.17 and RSME = 1.5 μg m<sup>−3</sup>). The factor identifications are based on chemical markers, and they are supported by air mass back trajectory analysis and local wind direction. Biomass burning plumes, found by other surface and aircraft measurements, were not significant enough to be identified in this analysis. This paper presents the results of the PMF receptor modelling, providing valuable insight into the local and upwind sources impacting surface PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Halifax during the BORTAS-B mission
Quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants over the Atlantic using Aircraft and Satellites (BORTAS) experiment: design, execution and science overview
We describe the design and execution of the BORTAS (Quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants over the Atlantic using Aircraft and Satellites) experiment, which has the overarching objective of understanding the chemical aging of air masses that contain the emission products from seasonal boreal wildfires and how these air masses subsequently impact downwind atmospheric composition. The central focus of the experiment was a two-week deployment of the UK BAe-146-301 Atmospheric Research Aircraft (ARA) over eastern Canada, based out of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Atmospheric ground-based and sonde measurements over Canada and the Azores associated with the planned July 2010 deployment of the ARA, which was postponed by 12 months due to UK-based flights related to the dispersal of material emitted by the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, went ahead and constituted phase A of the experiment. Phase B of BORTAS in July 2011 involved the same atmospheric measurements, but included the ARA, special satellite observations and a more comprehensive ground-based measurement suite. The high-frequency aircraft data provided a comprehensive chemical snapshot of pyrogenic plumes from wildfires, corresponding to photochemical (and physical) ages ranging from 45 sr 10 days, largely by virtue of widespread fires over Northwestern Ontario. Airborne measurements reported a large number of emitted gases including semi-volatile species, some of which have not been been previously reported in pyrogenic plumes, with the corresponding emission ratios agreeing with previous work for common gases. Analysis of the NOy data shows evidence of net ozone production in pyrogenic plumes, controlled by aerosol abundance, which increases as a function of photochemical age. The coordinated ground-based and sonde data provided detailed but spatially limited information that put the aircraft data into context of the longer burning season in the boundary layer. Ground-based measurements of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) over Halifax show that forest fires can on an episodic basis represent a substantial contribution to total surface PM2.5
Quantum Particles as Conceptual Entities: A Possible Explanatory Framework for Quantum Theory
We put forward a possible new interpretation and explanatory framework for
quantum theory. The basic hypothesis underlying this new framework is that
quantum particles are conceptual entities. More concretely, we propose that
quantum particles interact with ordinary matter, nuclei, atoms, molecules,
macroscopic material entities, measuring apparatuses, ..., in a similar way to
how human concepts interact with memory structures, human minds or artificial
memories. We analyze the most characteristic aspects of quantum theory, i.e.
entanglement and non-locality, interference and superposition, identity and
individuality in the light of this new interpretation, and we put forward a
specific explanation and understanding of these aspects. The basic hypothesis
of our framework gives rise in a natural way to a Heisenberg uncertainty
principle which introduces an understanding of the general situation of 'the
one and the many' in quantum physics. A specific view on macro and micro
different from the common one follows from the basic hypothesis and leads to an
analysis of Schrodinger's Cat paradox and the measurement problem different
from the existing ones. We reflect about the influence of this new quantum
interpretation and explanatory framework on the global nature and evolutionary
aspects of the world and human worldviews, and point out potential explanations
for specific situations, such as the generation problem in particle physics,
the confinement of quarks and the existence of dark matter.Comment: 45 pages, 10 figure
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