Die strafregtelike aanspreeklikheid van regspersone: Lesse uit Kanada

This contribution investigates the basis for the criminal liability of juristic persons in Canada in an attempt to gain lessons for South Africa. The Canadian position acknowledges both the fragmented nature of corporate decision-making and the reality that the collective efforts of a number of corporate role players may cause criminal conduct. Furthermore, the conduct and fault elements of corporate criminal misconduct do not have to be found in one individual. The conduct of a representative of the corporate entity may be regarded as the conduct of the corporation, whilst the fault requirement may be found to be the level of management. This approach, although not entirely ‘realistic’, takes into account the nature of modern corporate entities much better than traditional individualistic approaches to corporate criminal liability

Onderwysersopleiding*

In die geskiedenis kom die verskynsel telkens voor dat besondere aandag aan die onderwys geskenk word in krisistye wanneer materiële teëslae ondervind word of wanneer ’n lewensbeskouing wat lank gehuldig is, teleurstel. Dit is dan ook begryplik dat die onderwys in die huidige tydstip van die dreigende verval van Westerse gesag deur toonaangewende lande aan indringende ondersoek onderwerp word. Bloot as verteenwoordiger van die Westerse beskawing in Afrika sou die Republiek van Suid-Afrika dus al dringende aandag aan die vraagstuk moes skenk van hoe die onderwys en opvoeding ten voordeligste aangewend kan word om die toenemende verval te help stuit en ’n nuwe periode van vooruitgang en beskawingsgroei teweeg te probeer bring. Maar die blanke volk hier te lande verkeer nog in ’n veel eiesoortiger en kwesbaarder posisie as die meeste Westerse nasies van wie hy afstam. Die feit bly staan dat ons ons vorm van beskawing nog nie onomkeerbaar in hierdie land gevestig het nie. Meer as enige land van Europa of die Nuwe Wêreld staan ons in gevaar van oorrompeling deur barbarisme wat van buite dreig. Om die rede kan ons miskien minder as enige ander land bekostig dat daar interne onsekerheid is oor wat ons as enkelinge en as volk nastreef, want dit kan in sy konsekwensie slegs tot twyfel en gebrek aan eenheid lei. As ons hierby voeg die noodsaaklikheid om binne dekades oor te skakel na ’n nog gekompliseerder nywerheidsamelewing, om ’n nuwe en menswaardige bedeling uit te bou vir die saambestaan van rasse van Europese, inheemse en Asiatiese oorsprong, elk met sy eie kulturele en tradisionele agtergrond, en om die volgehoue en toenemende internasionale druk op ons beleid die hoof te bied, dan is die omvang wat die onderwystaak in hierdie land aanneem duiselingwekkend

Use of water-soluble phosphine ligands in heterogeneous hydroformylation catalysis : application to long-chain 1-alkenes

The two-phase rhodium-tri(m-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine (Rh-TPPTS) system for the hydroformylation of 1-octene, 1-decene, and 1-dodecene to the corresponding aldehydes, has been investigated. Due to the two distinct phases - the catalytic species in the aqueous phase and the products and reactants in the organic phase - the separation of the catalyst was easily facilitated. A comparison was made of the activity, selectivity towards linear aldehydes, and catalyst lifetime of two systems where i) the active catalytic species were generated in situ from rhodium trichloride (RhCl₃.3H₂O) and excess phosphine ligand (TPPTS) under mild hydroformylation conditions (5 MPa H₂/CO (1:1); 100 °C); and ii) where the rhodium(I) complex, RhH(CO)(TPPTS)₃ is used as the catalyst precursor. The former system was found to be superior in activity and selectivity to that of the latter, achieving fairly high conversions of ca. 60% for the hydroformylation of 1-octene, with n:iso ratios of up to 16:1 for a catalyst composition a Rh:P ratio of 1:30. Unfortunately low conversions of ca. 10% for the hydroformylation of 1-decene and ca. 4% for that of 1-dodecene resulted under the same conditions. While the reasons for the drastic decrease in conversion for C₁₀ and C₁₂ alkenes is not completely clear, this poor conversion is attributed to the extremely low solubility of the long-chain 1-alkenes in the aqueous phase. Under certain optimum conditions (Rh:P ≥ l :20), virtually no leeching of rhodium into the organic phase was detected. A ³¹P NMR spectroscopic study was undertaken in an attempt to ascertain the nature and distribution of rhodium tertiary-phosphine complexes in the aqueous phase before and after the mixture was subjected to standard hydroformylation conditions

Design and performance of BNR activated sludge systems with flat sheet membranes for solid-liquid separation

Includes bibliographical references.Wastewater treatment technologies have developed out of the need to protect receiving water bodies from the increasingly concentrated municipal and industrial waste streams generated through human activity. Of the methods available to clean wastewaters, biological nutrient removal (BNR) activated sludge (AS) is applied throughout South Africa and internationally as it has many advantages, notably it is cheaper to operate, does not introduce salinity into the water and is a simple and robust process. One of the key steps in the BNR AS process is the separation of biomass from the water. This is traditionally achieved by means of secondary settling tanks (SSTs), however recently the use of membranes for solid-liquid separation has gained popularity for the following reasons: Membranes are able to retain all solids and thus are insensitive to the settling characteristics of sludges, • they can be run at high concentrations and hence smaller reactor volumes are required, • membranes can produce a guaranteed high quality effluent free of pathogens and in some cases viruses too. • Additionally smaller reactor volumes and the obviation of SSTs allow a substantial wastewater treatment plant footprint reduction. Hence the combination of membranes in BNR AS is being increasingly applied. where much research has been conducted on the performance of membranes. The majority of the research has focused on the physical membrane performance, investigating the mechanisms of fouling, or on the membrane biological reactor (MBR) performance in removing organic compounds or nitrogen compounds from wastewater. There are however few case studies investigating BNR using membranes despite speculation that the inclusion of membranes may indeed affect the nature of the activated sludge biomass (Witzig et al., 2002)

Die verkryging van getuienis deur middel van gedwonge chirurgie

This contribution considers the question of whether South African law permits the compelled surgical intrusion into a suspect’s body in order to obtain evidence. The courts came to contradictory findings regarding this issue. Such a procedure undoubtedly constitutes an infringement of a suspect’s right to privacy and the right to freedom and security of the person. It can only be tolerated if the requirements of the constitutional limitations clause are complied with. The authors support the approach that forced surgical interventions in order to obtain evidence are not permitted by the Criminal Procedure Act and that the legislature should intervene to provide for it. Recommendations as to the approach that could be followed are made

Maternal nicotine exposure during pregnancy and developtnent of etnphysetna-like datnage'in the offspring

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether nicotine exposure (1 mg/kg body mass/d) during pregnancy and lactation contributes to the rupturing of alveolar septa in the lungs ofneonatal rats. These rats received nicotine only via the placenta and mother's milk. The results show that maternal nicotine exposure interferes with elastic tissue formation. It also interferes with alveoli formation and causes the development of emphysema- like lesions. It is therefore suggested that maternal nicotine intake frolll smoking during pregnancy and lactation may interfere with lung developlllent and maturation to an extent that increases susceptibility to emphysema

Myocardial Insulin Resistance: An Overview of Its Causes, Effects, and Potential Therapy

Abstract: Insulin resistance ensues when normal physiological concentrations of insulin are unable to induce effective cellular insulin signalling and glucose uptake by insulin sensitive tissues. It is caused by several abnormalities that include; 1) an overabundance of circulating free fatty acids (and dyslipidaemia), 2) systemic inflammation caused by increased tissue and circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and, 3) over activation of the systemic and organ specific renin-angiotensin systems. Although usually associated with obesity, insulin resistance is not a condition that only afflicts obese individuals. Dyslipidaemia which is implicated in the aetiology of insulin resistance can be caused by adipose tissue expansion (obesity) or the increased consumption of lipogenic fructose which has profound effects on liver metabolism and serum lipid profiles. The primary reason fructose is implicated in insulin resistance is because it induces hepatic lipogenesis which would directly contribute to dyslipidaemia and increased lipid deposition in adipose tissue, muscle (heart and skeletal) and the liver. These changes in tissue lipid content and utilisation are thought to compromise tissue insulin signalling and induce insulin resistance. Myocardial insulin resistance not only influences myocardial metabolism and mechanical function in the normoxic heart but also compromises myocardial tolerance to ischaemia/reperfusion and post-ischaemic outcomes. Once insulin sensitive organs become insulin resistant, their substrate metabolism is altered and in the case of the heart, cardiac mechanical function is compromised which could potentially contribute to heart failure. Insulin resistance also decreases myocardial tolerance to ischaemia and reperfusion by compromising myocardial metabolism during ischaemic/reperfusion. Recently emerged evidence also suggests that insulin resistance reduces myocardial tolerance to ischaemia and reperfusion by altering the functionality of the intrinsic pro-survival Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) pathways that protect against ischaemia/reperfusion injury. The authors and others have demonstrated strong links between reduced expression and activation (phosphorylation) of components of the RISK pathway and increased myocardial susceptibility to ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Lifestyle changes are known to improve insulin sensitivity while several pharmacological interventions using metabolic modulators and insulin sensitizer are currently being investigated and have shown promise in the treatment of animals and patients with myocardial insulin resistance. This review will identify and highlight some of the proposed causes of insulin resistance with particular reference to the role of dyslipidaemia, inflammation and the rennin-angiotensin system in the aetiology of this condition. We will also explore the possible effects of high dietary fructose consumption on circulating lipids and inflammation and the implications of these changes on skeletal and cardiac muscle insulin sensitivity. We will briefly reflect on the adverse effects of myocardial insulin resistance on myocardial metabolism and mechanical function and assess the effects of insulin resistance on myocardial tolerance to ischaemia and reperfusion. The proposed cellular causes of this decreased myocardial tolerance to ischaemia will be identified and current lifestyle and pharmacological interventions utilised to alleviate these adverse effects of insulin resistance will be reviewed. Keywords: Insulin resistance, Dyslipidaemia, Lipotoxicity, Adipocytokines, Renin-angiotensin system, Myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion.Griffith Health, School of Medical ScienceFull Tex

The forensic autopsy as a teaching tool: Attitudes and perceptions of undergraduate medical students at the University of Pretoria, South Africa

BACKGROUND. Numerous articles have been published on the use of autopsies in training medical students in anatomy and different branches of pathology. Some authors have described the emotional response of students who attend such postmortem sessions. Forensic pathology is an important subdivision of pathology. In some countries undergraduate medical students are expected to attend postmortem examinations on persons who died from traumatic causes. OBJECTIVE. To determine the attitudes and perceptions of 5th-year medical students with regard to forensic postmortem examinations at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. METHODS. A questionnaire was voluntarily completed by medical students on the last day of the practical rotation. RESULTS. The overall rating of the practical rotation was 82%. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis indicated the following as strengths: record keeping, legislation review and traumatology description; as weaknesses: emotional trauma and nightmares; as opportunities: the attendance of autopsies; and as threats: physical dangers. CONCLUSION. The current study was similar to international studies with regard to students’ emotional response to attending autopsies. The autopsy remains a valuable teaching tool for undergraduate students. Emotional support is currently available for all students to assist them in overcoming their fear of attending forensic autopsy sessions.http://www.ajhpe.org.zaam2016Education InnovationForensic Medicin