507 research outputs found
On the position of the AwetĂ language in the TupĂ family
Conclusion In this study we have examined the evidence for the exact genetic position of the AwetĂ language in the large TupĂ family, especially evidence for an internal classification of the larger branch of TupĂ called âMawetĂ-GuaranĂâ which comprises the TupĂ-GuaranĂ family, AwetĂ and SaterĂ©-MawĂ©. As it turns out, we did not find any clear example of an uncommon sound change which would have happened after the separation of the antecessor of one branch but before the split between the other two. There is some just probability that AwetĂ belongs somewhat closer to TupĂ-GuaranĂ within MawetĂ-GuaranĂ (configuration A in Table 1), but we did not find any conclusive evidence. All we have are some weak indications the majority of which, however, point in this direction: âą a higher number of cognates found between AwetĂ and proto-TupĂ-Guarani; âą lexicostatistic results (number of cognates in a 100-item-word-list proposed by Swadesh); âą loss of long vowels in AwetĂ and TupĂ-GuaranĂ, but not in SaterĂ©-MawĂ©; âą some sound changes suggest that in the development to AwetĂ and to proto-TupĂ-GuaranĂ velar segments changes to dental segments (cf. the discussion of the correspondence set j : t : w); âą possibly some of the correspondence sets given in Table 20. We consider it to be too soon to conclude that there is a branch AwetĂ + TupĂ-GuaranĂ of MawetĂ-GuaranĂ, opposed to SaterĂ©-MawĂ©, but if there is any grouping, this hypothesis is most promising. 2
Word accent and its manifestation in AwetĂ
This paper describes the distribution and phonetic properties of accentuation of word forms in AwetĂ, a Tupian language spoken by ca. 150 people in central Brazil in the Upper Xingu area. AwetĂ does not belong to, but is arguably the closest relative of the better known TupĂ-GuaranĂ subfamily, the largest branch of the TupĂ stock. After a short overview over the word classes and general phonotactics of AwetĂ (sec-tion 2), we briefly discuss the notion âword accentâ and show that, in AwetĂ, it is generally located on the last syllable of the stem in morphologically simple forms (section 3). We then discuss regular and isolated exceptions to this rule (section 4). In section 5, we describe the distribution of the word accent when inflectional or deriva-tional suffixes are present â usually, the word accent of the word form with suffixes continues to be on the last syllable of the stem. After this descriptive part, we present a preliminary study of the acoustic-phonetic details of the manifestation of the word accent, observing word forms in isolation (section 6) and in different syntactic con-texts (section 7). The results are briefly summarized in the conclusion (section 8
Digitizing and annotating texts and field recordings in the AwetĂ project
Digitizing and annotating texts and field recordings Given that several initiatives worldwide currently explore the new field of documentation of endangered languages, the E-MELD project proposes to survey and unite procedures, techniques and results in order to achieve its main goal, ''the formulation and promulgation of best practice in linguistic markup of texts and lexicons''. In this context, this year's workshop deals with the processing of recorded texts. I assume the most valuable contribution I could make to the workshop is to show the procedures and methods used in the AwetĂ Language Documentation Project. The procedures applied in the AwetĂ Project are not necessarily representative of all the projects in the DOBES program, and they may very well fall short in several respects of being best practice, but I hope they might provide a good and concrete starting point for comparison, criticism and further discussion. The procedures to be exposed include: * taping with digital devices, * digitizing (preliminarily in the field, later definitely by the TIDEL-team at the Max Planck Institute in Nijmegen), * segmenting and transcribing, using the transcriber computer program, * translating (on paper, or while transcribing), * adding more specific annotation, using the Shoebox program, * converting the annotation to the ELAN-format developed by the TIDEL-team, and doing annotation with ELAN. Focus will be on the different types of annotation. Especially, I will present, justify and discuss Advanced Glossing, a text annotation format developed by H.-H. Lieb and myself designed for language documentation. It will be shown how Advanced Glossing can be applied using the Shoebox program. The Shoebox setup used in the AwetĂ Project will be shown in greater detail, including lexical databases and semi-automatic interaction between different database types (jumping, interlinearization). ( Freie UniversitĂ€t Berlin and Museu Paraense EmĂlio Goeldi, with funding from the Volkswagen Foundation.
Nasal harmony in AwetĂ â A declarative account
This article describes and analyses nasal harmony (or spreading of nasality) in AwetĂ. It first shows generally how sounds in prefixes adapt to nasality or orality of stems, and how nasality in stems also âextendsâ to the left. With abstract templates we show which phonetically nasal or oral sequences are possible in AwetĂ (focusing on stops, pre-nasalized stops and nasals) and which phonological analysis is appropriate for account for this regularities. In AwetĂ, there are intrinsically nasal and oral vowels and âneutralâ vowels which adapt phonetically to a following vowel or consonant, as is the case of sonorant consonants. Pre-nasalized stops such as ântâ are nasalized variants of stops, not post-oralized variants of nasals as in TupĂ-Guaranian languages. For nasals and stops in syllable coda (end of morphemes), we postulate arqui-phonemes which adapt to the preceding vowel or a following consonant. Finally, using a declarative approach, the analysis formulates ârulesâ (statements) which account for the âbehaviorâ of nasality in AwetĂ words, making use of âstructured sequencesâ on both the phonetic and phonological levels. So, each unit (syllable, morpheme, word etc.) on any level has three components, a sequence of segments, a constituent structure (where pre-nasalized stops, like diphthongs, correspond to two segments), and an intonation structure. The statements describe which phonetic variants can be combined (concatenated) with which other variants, depending on their nasality or orality
A summary reconstruction of Proto-Maweti-Guarani segmental phonology
This paper presents a succinct reconstruction of the segmental phonology of Proto-Maweti-Guarani, the hypothetical protolanguage from which modern Mawe, Aweti and the Tupi-Guarani branches of the Tupi linguistic family have evolved. Based on about 300 cognate sets from the authors' field data (for Mawe and Aweti) and from Mello's reconstruction (2000) for Proto-Tupi-Guarani (with additional information from other works; and with a few changes concerning certain doubtful features, such as the status of stem-final lenis consonants âr and âÎČ, and the distinction of âc and âÄ), the consonants and vowels of Proto-Maweti-Guarani were reconstructed with the help of the traditional historical-comparative method. The development of the reconstructed segments is then traced from the protolanguage to each of the modern branches. A comparison with other claims made about Proto-Maweti-Guarani is given in the conclusio
First steps in ethno-linguistic fieldwork
The purpose of the present paper is to provide an overview over important topics to be considered when it is planned to carry out linguistic fieldwork among a smaller local speech community with its own ethnical identity. We are not trained specialists in this topic, but we hope that our own experience with field work could be useful to those who for the first time plan to do this kind of linguistic research. Nevertheless, the size of this paper is much too limited to give an introduction into linguistic fieldwork. (There are quite a few books and articles that focus on linguistic fieldwork, and the reader is referred to them.) Rather, this paper could be used as a checklist. Reflecting on each point we address could, as we hope, avoid some of the most common pitfalls and lessen some typical problems in the field situation
Sprachbedrohung [Encyclopedia entry]
Sprachbedrohung, UmstĂ€nde, die dazu fĂŒhren können, dass Sprachen in absehbarer Zeit nicht mehr gesprochen werden. Eine Sprache kann verschwinden (»Sprachtod«), weil die Sprachgemeinschaft versprengt oder ausgelöscht wird (z. B. durch Kriege, Krankheiten oder Versklavung), meist aber, weil sie zu einer anderen, dominanten Sprache wechselt. Einige Staaten betreiben bewusst eine Politik, die zu S. fĂŒhrt, etwa weil man fĂŒrchtet, dass sprachl. Vielfalt die nationale Einheit bedroht. HĂ€ufiger ist jedoch, dass eine Minderheit ihre Sprache mit RĂŒckstĂ€ndigkeit verbindet oder versucht, sich an die ĂŒberlegene Bev.-Gruppe anzupassen. Die dominante Sprache besetzt dann zunehmend mehr Kommunikationsbereiche. Ein entscheidender Schritt im Prozess des »Sprachsterbens« ist die »Sprachaufgabe«, also die meist bewusste Entscheidung, eine Sprache nicht mehr aktiv an die nĂ€chste Generation zu vermitteln, oft, um deren Aufstiegschancen zu erhöhen. Gibt es keine nachwachsenden Sprecher mehr, ist eine Sprache »moribund« und verschwindet meist mit dem Tod der letzten Sprecher, die zuvor die Sprache oft seit Jahrzehnten nicht mehr im Alltag verwendet haben. Je weniger eine Sprache verwendet wird, desto weniger erhĂ€lt sich auch die individuelle Sprachstruktur, die wichtige AufschlĂŒsse ĂŒber die Vorgeschichte und ĂŒber die menschl. SprachfĂ€higkeit ĂŒberhaupt geben kann. Meist vergehen mit einer Sprache unwiederbringlich ĂŒber Jahrtausende gesammelte kulturelle und ökolog.Kenntnisse und eine ganze Weltsicht. S. gab es wohl schon immer, jedoch hat sich das Sprachensterben in den letzten Jahrhunderten beschleunigt. Man schĂ€tzt, dass wenigstens die HĂ€lfte der um 1500 gesprochenen Sprachen nicht mehr existiert. Seit Anfang der 90-Jahre des 21. Jh. ist man sich des AusmaĂes der S. bewusst geworden. Weltweit sind ĂŒber 90 % der gegenwĂ€rtig rd. 6 000 Sprachen S. ausgesetzt. Mindestens 20 % sind bereits moribund, Ende des 21. Jh. werden es vermutlich weitere 40 % sein. Betroffen sind v. a. kleine, indigene Gesellschaften, deren Gebiete erschlossen werden und die ihre traditionelle Lebensweise aufgeben mĂŒssen. Die Sprecherzahl ist kein verlĂ€ssliches Kriterum bei der Bestimmung des Grades der S.: mitunter halten auch groĂe Sprachgemeinschaften dem Druck zur Sprachaufgabe nicht stand, wohingegen auch sehr kleine erfolgreich an ihrer Sprache festhalten können. SchlĂŒssel zum Spracherhalt sind nachhaltige Mehrsprachigkeit sowie Stolz auf die eigene Sprache und kulturelle IdentitĂ€t. Moribunde und stark bedrohte Sprachen und Dialekte zu dokumentieren sowie zu Spracherhalts- oder wiederbelebungsmaĂnahmen beizutragen, wird von vielen Linguisten als eine der vordringlichsten Aufgaben des 21. Jh. betrachtet. D. CRYSTAL: Language death (Cambridge 2000); D. NETTLE u. S. ROMAINE: Vanishing voices. The extinction of the worldâs languages (Oxford 2000); A. DALBY: Language in danger: the loss of linguistic diversity and the threat to our future (New York 2003)
TupĂ [Encyclopedia entry]
TupĂ, Untergruppe des T.-GuaranĂ. Zu ihr gehört das TupinambĂĄ (Dialekte: Tamoio, Tupinikim, Potiguar etc.), das um 1500 entlang der brasilian. KĂŒste gesprochen wurde, bald auch von den portugies. Siedlern. Aus diesem Alt-T. entstanden Verkehrssprachen, die bis ins 18. bzw. 19. Jh. in weiten Teilen Brasiliens vorherrschten: die LĂngua Geral Paulista und die LĂngua Geral AmazĂŽnica. Aus letzterer entwickelte sich das noch heute in N-W-Amazonien gesprochene NheengatĂș (modernes T.)
Tense, aspect and mood in AwetĂ verb paradigms: Analytic and synthetic forms
This paper describes the verbal Tense-Aspect-Mood system of AwetĂ (Tupian, Central Brazil) in a Word-and-Paradigm approach. One classification of AwetĂ verb forms contains clear aspect categories. A second set of independent classifications renders at least four moods and contains a third major TAM classification, factuality, that has one mainly temporal category Future, while others are partially or wholly modal. Structural categories reflect the formal composition of the forms. Some forms are synthetic, âmarkedâ only by means of affixes, but many are analytic, containing auxiliary particles. With selected sample forms we demonstrate in detail the interplay of structural and functional categories in AwetĂ verb paradigms
Guarani Paraguayo [Encyclopedia entry]
GuaranĂ , Paraguaisches GuaranĂ, Eigen-Bez. Avañeâáșœ, Sprache in Paraguay (ĂŒber 3,5 Mio. Sprecher, 95 % der Bev.), NO-Argentinien (bis zu 1 Mio. Sprecher) und S-Brasilien. Das zu den TupĂ-GuaranĂ-Sprachen zĂ€hlende G. ist eine der gröĂten â Indianersprachen S-Amerikas (nach Ketschua und vor Aimara) und die einzige, die ĂŒberwiegend von Nicht-Indianern gebraucht wird. Seit den 1990-Jahren ist das G. in Paraguay als Nationalsprache anerkannt und wird auch in Schulen verwendet. Das G. wurde durch den jahrhundertelangen engen Kontakt mit dem Spanischen stark geprĂ€gt und unterscheidet sich nun erheblich von den noch existierenden verwandten indian. G.-Sprachen bes. in seiner umgangssprachl. Misch-VarietĂ€t, dem sogenannten JoparĂĄ, das viele Wörter, aber nur wenig der Grammatik aus dem Spanischen aufgenommen hat. Die nationale Zweisprachigkeit Paraguays gilt als einzigartig. WĂ€hrend der Jesuitenmissionen (1609â1786) entwickelte sich ein reiches Schrifttum in G., darunter bes. religiöse Texte und sogar barocke Opern. Heute gibt es zwar ein reiches Liedgut und folklorist. Texte, aber als Literatursprache und in den Medien spielt das G. eine untergeordnete Rolle
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