Study on Different Fractions of Organic Molecules in the Baltic Sea Surface Microlayer by Spectrophoto- and Spectrofluorimetric Methods

The sea surface microlayer (SML), created by surface active organic molecules (called: surfactants), is a highly active interface between the sea and the atmosphere. In this study we used the absorption and fluorescence analysis of organic matter collected in the SML and in subsurface layer, of 1 m depth, to describe the changes in molecular size and weight and the composition of surfactants. Data were collected during three research cruises in coastal zone and open waters of the Baltic Sea. The values of the CDOM absorption coefficient were higher in the SML about 29% (in the UV light) to 17% (in a blue spectral range), that reveal dominance of low molecular weighted CDOM molecules, absorbing in the UV light, in the SML. The spectral slope coefficients at different spectral ranges, SΔλ increased with salinity, while the slope coefficient for 350–400 nm reach lower values by 10.5% in SML compared to SS, caused by an effect of irradiation on the SML. The fluorescence intensities of the main peaks at Excitation Emission Matrix spectra belonging to the main fluorescing components of marine organic matter, called: A, C, M, T, were higher in SML by 41, 43, 41, and 14% compared to SS. The ratio of fluorescence intensities, (M + T)/(A + C) and humification index, HIX, in the SML were, respectively, higher by 17.9% and lower by 10.7% compared to SS. These relationships reveal more intensive process of in situ produced components in the SML as well as faster removal of humic components of high MW in the SML. We have observed an increase of spectral slope ratio, SR, (S275–295 > S350–400) with increasing salinity (from 4.5 to 7.94 of practical salinity), being proof that the samples acquire more marine in character. The SR increased with salinity 33.5 and 23.6% in the SML and SS, respectively, and their maximal values in open water were still maintained. The fluorescence intensity of all FDOM peaks decreased in the same salinity gradient. The decrease rate was higher in SML for the fluorescing peaks by 34, 36, and 26% for A, C, and M, respectively than in the SS. Decrease rate indicated the susceptibility to photochemical degradation of respective peaks. This effect was strongest for C, while T peak was almost unbleached. The fluorescence intensity decrease rate was smaller in SS what indicated shielding effect of the SML

Seasonal and spatial variability of surface seawater fluorescence properties in the Baltic and Nordic Seas: results of lidar experiments Oceanologia 2007, no 49(1), pp. 59-69

The paper analyses experimental measurements of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra in different seawaters. The fluorescence parameters, calculated from LIF spectra as the ratio of the integrals of fluorescence and Raman signal intensities, provide information about the relative changes in the concentrations of fluorescing molecules. Gathered during several cruises in 1994-2004 in the Baltic and Nordic Seas, all the data are presented as scatter plots of the fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll <i>a</i> (Chl <i>a</i>) and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Satisfactory correlations between these two parameters were found a) for open Nordic Seas waters, b) for the southern Baltic in blooming periods only, and c) for the Gulf of Gda&#x0144;nsk in non-blooming periods only

Effect of drag coefficient formula choice on wind stress climatology in the North Atlantic and the European Arctic

Summary: Interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean determine boundary conditions for physical and biogeochemical processes in adjacent boundary layers, and the ocean surface is a complex interface where all air-sea fluxes take place and is a crucial valuable for ocean circulation and the ecosystem. We have chosen to study the differences between the relevant or most commonly used parameterizations for drag coefficient (CD) for the momentum transfer values, especially in the North Atlantic (NA) and the European Arctic (EA), using them together with realistic wind field. We studied monthly mean values of air-sea momentum flux resulting from the choice of different drag coefficient parameterizations, adapted them to momentum flux (wind stress) calculations using wind fields, sea-ice masks, as well as integrating procedures. We compared the resulting spreads in momentum flux to global values and values in the tropics, an area of prevailing low winds. We found that the spread of results stemming from the choice of drag coefficient parameterization was 14% in the Arctic, the NA and globally, but it was higher (19%) in the tropics. On monthly time scales, the differences were larger at up to 29% in the NA and 36% in the EA (in months of low winds) and even 50% locally (the area west of Spitsbergen). Comparing the values of drag coefficient from chosen parameterizations, it showed that momentum fluxes were largest for all months, in both regions with low and high winds, when the CD values increased linearly with wind speed. Keywords: Drag coefficient, European Arctic, North Atlantic, Parameterization

Anthropic settlementsʹ impact on the light-absorbing aerosol concentrations and heating rate in the arctic

Light-absorbing aerosols (LAA) impact the atmosphere by heating it. Their effect in the Arctic was investigated during two summer Arctic oceanographic campaigns (2018 and 2019) around the Svalbard Archipelago in order to unravel the differences between the Arctic background and the local anthropic settlements. Therefore, the LAA heating rate (HR) was experimentally determined. Both the chemical composition and high-resolution measurements highlighted substantial differences between the Arctic Ocean background (average eBC concentration of 11.7 ± 0.1 ng/m3) and the human settlements, among which the most impacting appeared to be Tromsø and Isfjorden (mean eBC of 99.4 ± 3.1 ng/m3). Consequently, the HR in Isfjorden (8.2 × 10−3 ± 0.3 × 10−3 K/day) was one order of magnitude higher than in the pristine background conditions (0.8 × 10−3 ± 0.9 × 10−5 K/day). Therefore, we conclude that the direct climate impact of local LAA sources on the Arctic atmosphere is not negligible and may rise in the future due to ice retreat and enhanced marine traffic

Rekomendacje Grupy Ekspertów Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekologów i Położników dotyczące badania ginekologicznego i leczenia osoby małoletniej (stan na 1.01.2020 r.)

Rekomendacje przedstawiają aktualny sposób postępowania, który może być zmieniony w uzasadnionych przypadkach, po wnikliwej analizie danej sytuacji klinicznej, co w przyszłości może stanowić podstawę do ich modyfikacji i aktualizacji

Recommendations of the Group of Experts of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians regarding gynecological examination and treatment of a minor person (01.01.2020)

The recommendations present the current knowledge and procedures, which can be modified and changed in some cases, aftercareful analysis of a given clinical situation, which in the future may become the basis for their modification and updating

Multi-year gradient measurements of sea spray fluxes over the Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean

Ship-based measurements of sea spray aerosol (SSA) gradient fluxes in the size range of 0.5-47 mu m in diameter were conducted between 2009-2017 in both the Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. Measured total SSA fluxes varied between 8.9 x 103 +/- 6.8 x 105 m-2 s-1 for the Baltic Sea and 1.0 x 104 +/- 105 m-2 s-1 for the Atlantic Ocean. The analysis uncovered a significant decrease (by a factor of 2.2 in the wind speed range of 10.5-14.5 m s-1) in SSA fluxes, with chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration higher than 3.5 mg m-3 in the Baltic Sea area. We found statistically significant correlations for both regions of interest between SSA fluxes and various environmental factors, including wind speed, wind acceleration, wave age, significant wave height, and wave Reynolds number. Our findings indicate that higher chl a concentrations are associated with reduced SSA fluxes at higher wind speeds in the Baltic Sea, while the influence of wave age showed higher aerosol emissions in the Baltic Sea for younger waves compared to the Atlantic Ocean. These insights underscore the complex interplay between biological activity and physical dynamics in regulating SSA emissions. Additionally, in both measurement regions, we observed weak correlations between SSA fluxes and air and water temperature and between SSA fluxes and atmospheric stability. Comparing the Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic, we noted distinct emission behaviors, with higher emissions in the Baltic Sea at low wave age values compared to the Atlantic Ocean. This study represents the first comparative analysis of SSA flux measurements using the same methodology in these contrasting marine environments