Парламентаризм як засіб функціонування представницької демократії

Древаль, Ю. Д. Парламентаризм як засіб функціонування представницької демократії / Ю. Д. Древаль // Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ . - 2002. – Вип. 17. - С. 65-72Зазначено, що Парламент - найвищий орган влади, котрий обирається населенням, призначення якого - виражати суверенну волю народу, регулювати найважливіші суспільні відносини шляхом прийняття закону та здійснювати контроль за діяльністю органів виконавчої влади і найвищих посадових осіб. Отмечено, что Парламент - высший орган власти, который избирается населением, назначение которого - выражать суверенную волю народа, регулировать важнейшие общественные отношения путем принятия закона и осуществлять контроль за деятельностью органов исполнительной власти и высших должностных лиц. It is noted that the Parliament is the supreme authority elected by the population, the purpose of which is to express the sovereign will of the people, to regulate the most important public relations by adopting a law and to monitor the activities of executive bodies and senior officials

Глобализация как фактор развития программных принципов международной организации труда

Проаналізовано передумови, програмні засади та напрями забезпечення справедливої глобалізації як основи міжнародного врегулювання сучасних соціально-трудових відносин. Визначено роль концепції гідної праці у напрямах сприяння справедливій глобалізації. Доведено, що програмна та нормотворча діяльність МОП якраз і спрямована на вирішення двоєдиного стратегічного завдання: використання потужного глобалізаційного ресурсу та додаткового захисту людини праці.Preconditions, program principles and directions of providing a fair globalization as the modern international regulation basis of social and labor relations was analyzed. The role of decent work in the areas of promoting fair globalization is determined. The clarification and development of international labor standards and the international law implementation into the national labor law and their application in the labor protection activities become particularly important issues in the modern conditions of globalization. Improved that social dimension of globalization is directly related to the interests of the general public, where the fore the issue of safety, health and education. Program and standard-setting activities of the ILO in such circumstances is precisely aimed at addressing the dual strategic objectives: the use of powerful globalization resource and additional protection of working people. The most important areas to ensure fair globalization include: converting decent work a global goal; ILO support coherent national policy to ensure fair globalization; promotion of decent work in global production systems; strengthening the system of international labor standards.Проанализированы предпосылки, программные принципы и направления обеспечения справедливой глобализации как основы международного урегулирования современных социально-трудовых отношений. Определена роль концепции достойного труда в направлениях содействия справедливой глобализации. Доказано, что программная и нормотворческая деятельность МОТ как раз и направлена на решение двуединой стратегической задачи: использование мощного глобализационного ресурса и дополнительной защиты человека труда

Клинико-экономическая оценка использования селективных сорбционных методик экстракорпоральной гемокоррекции у пациентов ОРИТ

The objective was to analyze the clinical and economic feasibility of using selective methods  of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sorption  for sepsis treatment.Materials and methods.  A clinical and economic model was used to assess the feasibility of using some technologies of selective lipopolysaccharide sorption. The model was developed in accordance with the current industry standard «Clinical and Economic Research» used in Russia. The target  population was patients of 18 years old and older with sepsis. The methodology involved the evaluation of available randomized clinical trials, as well as studies involving data from network meta-analyses and systematic  reviews of the use of the studied  technologies. The calculation of direct  medical and indirect non-medical  costs was made with an analysis of the impact on the budget  during  the first year and on the time horizon for five years.Results. The value of direct  and indirect costs was determined when using sorption  devices based on Efferon LPS, Toraymyxin,  Alteco LPS Adsorber,  Toxipak  columns. It was shown that  among the therapeutic alternatives, the use of the Efferon LPS column had the least burden on the budget.Conclusion. The  use of selective  lipopolysaccharide sorption  technologies in the  intensive  care program  for sepsis patients, although accompanied  by an increase  in direct  and indirect financial costs, leads to budget  savings in the medium  term. Improving  the mechanism  for compensating the costs of using this technology is a promising way to improve the outcomes of sepsis treatment.Цель: проанализировать клинико-экономическую целесообразность использования селективных методов  сорбции  липополисахарида (ЛПС) в терапии сепсиса.Материалы и методы. Использована клинико-экономическая модель оценки целесообразности применения некоторых технологий селективной сорбции липополисахарида. Модель разработана в соответствии с действующим отраслевым стандартом «Клинико-экономические исследования», применяемым в России. Целевая  популяция – пациенты  18 лет и старше с сепсисом. Методология предполагала оценку имеющихся  рандомизированных клинических исследований, а также исследований, включающих  данные сетевых метаанализов и систематических  обзоров применения изучаемых  технологий.  Произведен расчет прямых  медицинских и непрямых  немедицинских затрат с анализом  влияния на бюджет в течение первого года и на временной  горизонт в течение пяти лет.Результаты. Определена величина  прямых и косвенных затрат при использовании сорбционных  устройств  на основе колонок Эфферон ЛПС,  Toraymyxin,  Alteco LPS Adsorber,  Токсипак.  Показано,  что среди терапевтических альтернатив наименьшую  нагрузку  на бюджет оказывает использование колонки Эфферон ЛПС.Выводы. Использование технологий  селективной сорбции липополисахарида в программе интенсивной терапии больных сепсисом хотя и сопровождается увеличением прямых и косвенных финансовых затрат, но в среднесрочной перспективе ведет к экономии  бюджетных средств. Совершенствование механизма компенсации затрат на использование данной технологии  – перспективный путь для улучшения исходов лечения сепсиса

Микобактериозы легких: хирургические аспекты диагностики и лечения

Goal: to investigate efficiency of surgical diagnostics and treatment of pulmonary mycobacteriosis.Materials and methods: 31 patients diagnosed with pulmonary mycobacteriosis underwent surgery. Should mycobacteriosis be not diagnosed before the surgical intervention, the surgery was performed as per standard indications for fibrous cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis or tuberculoma.Results. There were 20 segmental resections, 4 lobectomies (with  МАС-, M. kansasii-infection), 5 pneumonectomies (with  M. xenopi and M. fortuitum-infection), 2 combined resections. The causative agent was isolated out of surgical specimens in 11 (35.4%) patients; in 10 patients (32.3%) mycobacteriosis was confirmed by detection of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in sputum or bronchial lavage along with the detection of the causative agent in the resected tissue. In the remaining 10 (32.3%) patients non-tuberculous mycobacteria were detected only in sputum and/or bronchial lavage before surgical interventions. Post-surgery complications were observed in 6 (19.4%) of patients, lethal outcome due to myocardial infarction. Clinical cure was achieved in 29 (93.6%) patients. Цель: изучение эффективности диагностики и лечения микобактериозов (МБ) легких с помощью хирургических методов.Материалы и методы. У 31 пациента с диагностированным МБ легких выполнены оперативные вмешательства. При не установленном до хирургического вмешательства МБ операцию выполняли по стандартным показаниям для фиброзно-кавернозного туберкулеза легких или туберкулемы.Результаты. Сегментарных резекций произведено 20, лобэктомий - 4 (при МАС-, M. kansasii-инфекции), пневмонэктомий - 5 (при M. xenopi и M. fortuitum-инфекции), комбинированных резекций - 2. У 11 (35,4%) возбудитель выделен только из операционного материала, еще у 10 (32,3%) больных диагноз МБ подтвержден обнаружением нетуберкулезных микобактерий (НТМБ) в мокроте и/или в бронхиальном смыве наряду с обнаружением возбудителя в резецированной ткани. У остальных 10 (32,3%) больных НТМБ выделены только из мокроты и/или промывных вод бронхов до проведения хирургического пособия. Осложнения после операций были у 6 (19,4%) больных, у 1 - летальный исход вследствие инфаркта миокарда. Клиническое излечение достигнуто у 29 (93,6%) больных

Shattered pellet injection experiments at JET in support of the ITER disruption mitigation system design

A series of experiments have been executed at JET to assess the efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injection (SPI) system in mitigating the effects of disruptions. Issues, important for the ITER disruption mitigation system, such as thermal load mitigation, avoidance of runaway electron (RE) formation, radiation asymmetries during thermal quench mitigation, electromagnetic load control and RE energy dissipation have been addressed over a large parameter range. The efficiency of the mitigation has been examined for the various SPI injection strategies. The paper summarises the results from these JET SPI experiments and discusses their implications for the ITER disruption mitigation scheme

Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation

The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (α) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER

Predictive JET current ramp-up modelling using QuaLiKiz-neural-network

This work applies the coupled JINTRAC and QuaLiKiz-neural-network (QLKNN) model on the ohmic current ramp-up phase of a JET D discharge. The chosen scenario exhibits a hollow T-e profile attributed to core impurity accumulation, which is observed to worsen with the increasing fuel ion mass from D to T. A dynamic D simulation was validated, evolving j, n(e), T-e, T-i, n(Be), n(Ni), and n(W) for 7.25 s along with self-consistent equilibrium calculations, and was consequently extended to simulate a pure T plasma in a predict-first exercise. The light impurity (Be) accounted for Z(eff) while the heavy impurities (Ni, W) accounted for Prad. This study reveals the role of transport on the Te hollowing, which originates from the isotope effect on the electron-ion energy exchange affecting T-i. This exercise successfully affirmed isotopic trends from previous H experiments and provided engineering targets used to recreate the D q-profile in T experiments, demonstrating the potential of neural network surrogates for fast routine analysis and discharge design. However, discrepancies were found between the impurity transport behaviour of QuaLiKiz and QLKNN, which lead to notable T-e hollowing differences. Further investigation into the turbulent component of heavy impurity transport is recommended

New H-mode regimes with small ELMs and high thermal confinement in the Joint European Torus

New H-mode regimes with high confinement, low core impurity accumulation, and small edge-localized mode perturbations have been obtained in magnetically confined plasmas at the Joint European Torus tokamak. Such regimes are achieved by means of optimized particle fueling conditions at high input power, current, and magnetic field, which lead to a self-organized state with a strong increase in rotation and ion temperature and a decrease in the edge density. An interplay between core and edge plasma regions leads to reduced turbulence levels and outward impurity convection. These results pave the way to an attractive alternative to the standard plasmas considered for fusion energy generation in a tokamak with a metallic wall environment such as the ones expected in ITER.& nbsp;Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing

The role of ETG modes in JET-ILW pedestals with varying levels of power and fuelling

We present the results of GENE gyrokinetic calculations based on a series of JET-ITER-like-wall (ILW) type I ELMy H-mode discharges operating with similar experimental inputs but at different levels of power and gas fuelling. We show that turbulence due to electron-temperature-gradient (ETGs) modes produces a significant amount of heat flux in four JET-ILW discharges, and, when combined with neoclassical simulations, is able to reproduce the experimental heat flux for the two low gas pulses. The simulations plausibly reproduce the high-gas heat fluxes as well, although power balance analysis is complicated by short ELM cycles. By independently varying the normalised temperature gradients (omega(T)(e)) and normalised density gradients (omega(ne )) around their experimental values, we demonstrate that it is the ratio of these two quantities eta(e) = omega(Te)/omega(ne) that determines the location of the peak in the ETG growth rate and heat flux spectra. The heat flux increases rapidly as eta(e) increases above the experimental point, suggesting that ETGs limit the temperature gradient in these pulses. When quantities are normalised using the minor radius, only increases in omega(Te) produce appreciable increases in the ETG growth rates, as well as the largest increases in turbulent heat flux which follow scalings similar to that of critical balance theory. However, when the heat flux is normalised to the electron gyro-Bohm heat flux using the temperature gradient scale length L-Te, it follows a linear trend in correspondence with previous work by different authors