Cognitive Ability and Career Attainment: The Moderating Effects of Early Career Success

Three explanations regarding the prediction that early career success will moderate the relationship between cognitive ability and career attainment are presented along with an empirical examination of this issue. Using longitudinal data provided for 156 managerial, professional, and technical employees, significant moderating effects for an age-graded index of early career success were observed. The relationships between two measures of cognitive ability and later career job level were stronger for individuals identified as below average with respect to early career success than for their above average counterparts. These results agree with the proposition that the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and information is particularly dependent upon cognitive ability for inhviduals competing without the advantages associated with early career signals of high potential

Reframing Turnover/Personality Research in the Context of the Attraction-Selection-Attrition Hypothesis

This paper re-examines data originally reported by Cowan & Dreher (1983) in their examination of personality correlates of turnover among managerial, professional, and technical employees. It is intended to reframe the relationship between personality and turnover in light of recent attention on the attraction-selection-attrition hypothesis and to make the results of the original study more accessable to those studying these issues. Results show no relationship between homogeneity based on personality dimensions measured by the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey (GZTS) and attrition from the organization. Therefore, no support can be offered for the homogeneity hypothesis. Based on these and other failures to find significant relationships between personality dimensions and homogeneity, we suggest that future research about the causes and effects of homogeneity should be based on research that delineates the domain of organizational fit

Measurement and Dimensionality of Compensation Satisfaction in Law Enforcement

This research examined the dimensionality of carpensation satisfaction for the occupational area of law enforcanent by analyzing the factor structure of Henanan and SChwab\u27s (1985) Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) . The PSQ is intended to measure four facets of compensation satisfaction: 1) pay level, 2) benefits, 3) pay raises, and 4) pay structure-administration. Previous research showed support for the PSQ level and benefits scales, but yielded equivocal results for the raises and structure-administration scales. Previous research also showed that the factor structure of the PSQ varied by job classification group. The present study, using data fran 1189 unifomed law enforcanent officers anployed by eight different state police or highway patrol organizations, found that a three-factor solution (level, benefits, and structure-administration) represents the appropriate dimensional structure for compensation satisfaction in the occupational area of law enforcanent, at least within the danain of the 18 itans of the PSQ. These findings are integrated with those of previous research, and implications for research and practice are discussed

Organizational Search and Choice Revisited: The Role of Human Resource Systems in the Applicant\u27s Decision Making Process

Over the past decade we have learned a lot about how individuals choose organizations in which to work. However, this literature has generally failed to consider the role of an important class of attributes; the human resource systems that operate within organizations. Reward systems and mobility systems have unique motivating characteristics, are relatively visible, and vary widely between organizations. This paper attempts to make explicit when and how these variables might influence organizational attractiveness and applicants\u27 decision making processes

The MBA as Careerist: An Analysis of Early-Career Job Change

This study examined the job changes of 680 early-career business school graduates. Although a number of anecdotal articles characterize MBAs as overly “careerist” and oriented toward job-hopping, little empirical research has focused on this issue. The research included a direct comparison of job-hopping behavior of MBAs with bachelor S degree graduates, taking into account a number of control variables, including demographic and economic variables. Results indicated that MBAs changed jobs less frequently than bachelor 5 degree graduates, even when a variety of other factors were controlled.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Prefrontal response and frontostriatal functional connectivity to monetary reward in abstinent alcohol-dependent young adults

Although altered function in neural reward circuitry is widely proposed in models of addiction, more recent conceptual views have emphasized the role of disrupted response in prefrontal regions. Changes in regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are postulated to contribute to the compulsivity, impulsivity, and altered executive function that are central to addiction. In addition, few studies have examined function in these regions during young adulthood, when exposure is less chronic than in typical samples of alcohol-dependent adults. To address these issues, we examined neural response and functional connectivity during monetary reward in 24 adults with alcohol dependence and 24 psychiatrically healthy adults. Adults with alcohol dependence exhibited less response to the receipt of monetary reward in a set of prefrontal regions including the medial prefrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Adults with alcohol dependence also exhibited greater negative correlation between function in each of these regions and that in the nucleus accumbens. Within the alcohol-dependent group, those with family history of alcohol dependence exhibited lower mPFC response, and those with more frequent drinking exhibited greater negative functional connectivity between the mPFC and the nucleus accumbens. These findings indicate that alcohol dependence is associated with less engagement of prefrontal cortical regions, suggesting weak or disrupted regulation of ventral striatal response. This pattern of prefrontal response and frontostriatal connectivity has consequences for the behavior patterns typical of addiction. Furthermore, brain-behavior findings indicate that the potential mechanisms of disruption in frontostriatal circuitry in alcohol dependence include family liability to alcohol use problems and more frequent use of alcohol. In all, these findings build on the extant literature on reward-circuit function in addiction and suggest mechanisms for disrupted function in alcohol dependence. © 2014 Forbes et al

A connectome of the adult drosophila central brain

The neural circuits responsible for behavior remain largely unknown. Previous efforts have reconstructed the complete circuits of small animals, with hundreds of neurons, and selected circuits for larger animals. Here we (the FlyEM project at Janelia and collaborators at Google) summarize new methods and present the complete circuitry of a large fraction of the brain of a much more complex animal, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Improved methods include new procedures to prepare, image, align, segment, find synapses, and proofread such large data sets; new methods that define cell types based on connectivity in addition to morphology; and new methods to simplify access to a large and evolving data set. From the resulting data we derive a better definition of computational compartments and their connections; an exhaustive atlas of cell examples and types, many of them novel; detailed circuits for most of the central brain; and exploration of the statistics and structure of different brain compartments, and the brain as a whole. We make the data public, with a web site and resources specifically designed to make it easy to explore, for all levels of expertise from the expert to the merely curious. The public availability of these data, and the simplified means to access it, dramatically reduces the effort needed to answer typical circuit questions, such as the identity of upstream and downstream neural partners, the circuitry of brain regions, and to link the neurons defined by our analysis with genetic reagents that can be used to study their functions. Note: In the next few weeks, we will release a series of papers with more involved discussions. One paper will detail the hemibrain reconstruction with more extensive analysis and interpretation made possible by this dense connectome. Another paper will explore the central complex, a brain region involved in navigation, motor control, and sleep. A final paper will present insights from the mushroom body, a center of multimodal associative learning in the fly brain

A connectome and analysis of the adult Drosophila central brain

The neural circuits responsible for animal behavior remain largely unknown. We summarize new methods and present the circuitry of a large fraction of the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Improved methods include new procedures to prepare, image, align, segment, find synapses in, and proofread such large data sets. We define cell types, refine computational compartments, and provide an exhaustive atlas of cell examples and types, many of them novel. We provide detailed circuits consisting of neurons and their chemical synapses for most of the central brain. We make the data public and simplify access, reducing the effort needed to answer circuit questions, and provide procedures linking the neurons defined by our analysis with genetic reagents. Biologically, we examine distributions of connection strengths, neural motifs on different scales, electrical consequences of compartmentalization, and evidence that maximizing packing density is an important criterion in the evolution of the fly’s brain