The ISCIP Analyst, Volume II, Issue 14

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

The ISCIP Analyst, Volume II, Issue 15

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

Diseño y construcción de un prototipo de prótesis funcional para amputación transradial de dos grados de libertad, con señal mioelectrica y accionamiento motorizado

El presente trabajo técnico tuvo como objetivo diseñar y construir un prototipo de prótesis funcional para amputación transradial de dos grados de libertad, con señal mioeléctrica y accionamiento motorizado. Para lo cual su metodología se basó en la investigación y recopilación de referencias bibliográficas de libros, artículos científicos, con esto se estableció parámetros fundamentales del diseño, especificaciones antropométricas que permitieron configurar las dimensiones del prototipo. Se empleó el método del diseño concurrente, el cual brinda una ponderación de selección de alternativas para el cumpliendo de los estándares de la voz del usuario y la voz del ingeniero. Se determinó los mecanismos óptimos para la movilidad de los dedos de la prótesis permitiendo la sujeción de objetos. Para el movimiento de los dedos índice, medio, anular y meñique se empleó un mecanismo biela manivela, con la aplicación de un servomotor como elemento motriz. Mientras que para el dedo pulgar se empleó en un mecanismo de piñón cremallera con un servomotor como elemento motriz. Se definió el análisis de movimiento y la carga de trabajo a través de la simulación ejecutada en el software MSC ADAMS y ANSYS. Se concluyó que el diseño del prototipo de prótesis es válido. Los elementos mecánicos del prototipo se diseñaron mediante la modelación en el software SolidWorks y se fabricaron por medio de impresión 3D en resina ingenieril ya que este material posee buenas propiedades mecánicas. El sensor muscular V3 se conecta al principio, medio y final del músculo, su calibración se lo realizó girando el tornillo de ganancia. Por medio de arduino nano se configuró los ángulos de giro de cada motor permitiendo un agarre adecuado logrando sujetar objetos y una buena interacción con el usuario. Se recomienda hacer un seguimiento al usuario para apreciar mejoramiento de su estilo de vida e implementar mejorasThe objective of this technical work was to design and build a functional prosthesis prototype for trans radial amputation with two degrees of freedom, with a myoelectric signal and motorized actuation. For which its methodology was based on the research and compilation of bibliographical references of books, scientific articles, with this fundamental parameters of the design, anthropometric specifications that allowed to configure the dimensions of the prototype were established. The concurrent design method was used, which provides a selection weighting of alternatives for compliance with the standards of the voice of the user and the voice of the engineer. The optimal mechanisms for the mobility of the fingers of the prosthesis were determined, allowing the subjection of objects. For the movement of the index, middle, ring and little fingers, a connecting rod-crank mechanism was used, with the application of a servomotor as a driving element. While for the thumb, a rack and pinion mechanism was used with a servomotor as the driving element. Motion analysis and workload were defined through simulation run in MSC ADAMS and ANSYS software. It was concluded that the design of the prosthesis prototype is valid. The mechanical elements of the prototype were designed by modeling in SolidWorks software and manufactured by 3D printing in engineering resin since this material has good mechanical properties. The muscle sensor V3 is connected to the beginning, middle and end of the muscle, its calibration was done by turning the gain screw. By means of arduino nano, the rotation angles of each motor were configured, allowing an adequate grip, managing to hold objects and a good interaction with the user. It is recommended to monitor the user to appreciate improvement in their lifestyle and implement improvement

The diffusion of financial supervisory governance ideas

Who is watching the financial services industry? Since 1980, there have been multiple waves of thought about whether the ministry of finance, the central bank, a specialized regulator or some combination of these should have supervisory authority. These waves have been associated with the convergence of actual practices. How much and through what channels did internationally promoted ideas about supervisory 'best practice' influence institutional design choices? I use a new dataset of 83 countries and jurisdictions between the 1980s and 2007 to examine the diffusion of supervisory ideas. With this data, I employ Cox Proportional Hazard and Competing Risks Event History Analyses to evaluate the possible causal roles best practice policy ideas might have played. I find that banking crises and certain peer groups can encourage policy convergence on heavily promoted ideas

A multicenter, longitudinal survey of headaches and concussions among youth athletes in the United States from 2009 to 2019

Objective/ background Chronic headaches and sports-related concussions are among the most common neurological morbidities in adolescents and young adults. Given that the two can overlap in presentation, studying the effects of one on another has proven difficult. In this longitudinal study, we sought to assess the relationship between chronic headaches and concussions, analyzing the role of historic concussions on chronic headaches, as well as that of premorbid headaches on future concussion incidence, severity, and recovery. Methods This multi-center, longitudinal cohort study followed 7,453 youth athletes who were administered demographic and clinical surveys as well as a total of 25,815 Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) assessments between 2009 and 2019. ImPACT was administered at baseline. Throughout the season concussions were examined by physicians and athletic trainers, followed by re-administration of ImPACT post-injury (PI), and at follow-up (FU), a median of 7 days post-concussion. Concussion incidence was calculated as the total number of concussions per patient years. Concussion severity and recovery were calculated as standardized deviations from baseline to PI and then FU in Symptom Score and the four neurocognitive composite ImPACT scores: Verbal Memory, Visual Memory, Processing Speed, and Reaction Time. Data were collected prospectively in a well-organized electronic format supervised by a national research-oriented organization with rigorous quality assurance. Analysis was preformed retrospectively. Results Of the eligible athletes, 1,147 reported chronic headaches (CH) at the start of the season and 6,306 reported no such history (NH). Median age of the cohort was 15.4 ± 1.6 years, and students were followed for an average of 1.3 ± 0.6 years. A history of concussions (OR 2.31, P < 0.0001) was associated with CH. Specifically, a greater number of past concussions (r2 = 0.95) as well as concussions characterized by a loss of consciousness (P < 0.0001) were associated with more severe headache burden. The CH cohort had a greater future incidence of concussion than the NH cohort (55.6 vs. 43.0 per 100 patient-years, P < 0.0001). However, multivariate analysis controlling for demographic, clinical, academic, and sports-related variables yielded no such effect (OR 0.99, P = 0.85). On multivariable analysis the CH cohort did have greater deviations from baseline to PI and FU in Symptom Score (PI OR per point 1.05, P = 0.01, FU OR per point 1.11, P = 0.04) and Processing Speed (OR per point 1.08, P = 0.04), suggesting greater concussion severity and impaired symptomatic recovery as compared to the NH cohort. Conclusion A history of concussions was a significant contributor to headache burden among American adolescents and young adults. However, those with chronic headaches were not more likely to be diagnosed with a concussion, despite presenting with more severe concussions that had protracted recovery. Our findings not only suggest the need for conservative management among youth athletes with chronic headaches, they also indicate a potential health care gap in this population, in that those with chronic headaches may be referred for concussion diagnosis and management at lower rates than those with no such comorbidity

Target 2035-update on the quest for a probe for every protein

Twenty years after the publication of the first draft of the human genome, our knowledge of the human proteome is still fragmented. The challenge of translating the wealth of new knowledge from genomics into new medicines is that proteins, and not genes, are the primary executers of biological function. Therefore, much of how biology works in health and disease must be understood through the lens of protein function. Accordingly, a subset of human proteins has been at the heart of research interests of scientists over the centuries, and we have accumulated varying degrees of knowledge about approximately 65% of the human proteome. Nevertheless, a large proportion of proteins in the human proteome (∼35%) remains uncharacterized, and less than 5% of the human proteome has been successfully targeted for drug discovery. This highlights the profound disconnect between our abilities to obtain genetic information and subsequent development of effective medicines. Target 2035 is an international federation of biomedical scientists from the public and private sectors, which aims to address this gap by developing and applying new technologies to create by year 2035 chemogenomic libraries, chemical probes, and/or biological probes for the entire human proteome