Leadership Curricula of Professional Athletic Training Programs

Nationally-recognized athletic training organizations have identified leadership knowledge, skills, and competencies as essential for athletic trainers to be successful in the current healthcare environment and to help advance the profession of athletic training. However, little is currently known regarding the methods and the extent of leadership development in athletic training professional preparation programs. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to examine student and faculty perspectives of the extent and ways that athletic training professional preparation programs address leadership in their curricula. Data were obtained via surveys completed by 71 students and 83 athletic training professional level program directors. Overall, both groups of participants affirmed that it was important that leadership was addressed in athletic training professional programs. Several formal and informal uses of leadership development methods (e.g., peer-learning, professional organizational involvement, textbooks, and workshops) were examined. The many ways in which leadership was addressed within the respondents\u27 athletic training programs suggests that the profession is comparable with other allied health professions when it comes to informal leadership education in both curricular and clinical portions of athletic training programs. Formal leadership training was reported to be at low levels by students and program directors, a deficit that is recommended to be addressed as more programs consider converting from a Bachelor’s degree level to a Master’s degree level professional program

Treatment of Section 232 Duties in Commerce Antidumping Proceedings

The goal of antidumping methodologies is to achieve a fair comparison between the price of a product in the United States (“U.S. price”) and the price at which it is sold in the exporters’ home market (or other normal value) in order to quantify and remedy the amount of dumping that has occurred. Thus, the law requires U.S. import duties to be deducted from U.S. price in order to permit an apples-to-apples comparison between U.S. prices and home market prices that do not bear any U.S. import duties. The U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) has created an exception to this rule for U.S. import duties that are designed to address some of the same harms that antidumping duties address. In order to avoid a double remedy for those overlapping harms, such duties are not deducted from U.S. price. After the President imposed duties on steel and aluminum articles to protect national security in 2018, Commerce was required to determine whether these duties also qualified for the exception to the normal rule. Commerce determined that Section 232 duties and antidumping duties address distinct harms and do not create a double remedy. Therefore, Commerce determined that Section 232 duties should be subject to the general rule and be deducted from U.S. price. This article examines Commerce’s reasoning and offers additional support for the conclusion Commerce reached

Understanding the Impact of Urinary Incontinence in Persons with Dementia:Development of an Interdisciplinary Service Model

Introduction. Prevalence of urinary symptoms such as incontinence (UI) in patients with dementia is estimated to exceed 50%. The resultant psychological and socio-economic burden can be substantial. Our aim was to develop a dedicated urology service within a cognitive impairment clinic in order to treat and better understand the bothersome urinary symptoms suffered by persons with dementia. Methods. Patients attending this clinic were invited to be assessed and interviewed by urologist, together with their family and/or carer. In addition, formal history, examination and relevant investigations, themes of importance such as quality of life, and select question items were drawn from validated questionnaires. Multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting was carried out on the same day. Outcomes of the first 75 patients with UI and dementia have been reported. Results. Average age was 70 years (range 58–98). Majority of persons had a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (n = 43, 57%). Average score for how much urine leakage interferes with everyday life was 7.7/10 (range 2–10). 58.7% (n = 44) revealed some degree of sleep disturbance due to UI. 83% (n = 62) stated daily activities were limited due to UI. Two-thirds of persons with dementia (n = 50) stated their bladder problem makes them feel anxious. 88% (n = 67) felt the topic was socially embarrassing. All carers stated that the person’s continence issues affect the care they provide. Less than one-third of carers (30.7%, n = 23) were aware of or had been in contact with any bladder and bowel community service. More than half of the carers (n = 46, 65%) were concerned incontinence may be a principal reason for future nursing home admission. Conclusion. UI can be distressing for persons with dementia. Care partners were concerned about loss of independence and early nursing home admission. Awareness of bladder and bowel services should be increased