Aktivnost antioksidativnih enzima u ponicima grahorica u uslovima suše

Drought greatly affects normal plant growth, endangering physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Under the influence of unfavorable environmental conditions, antioxidant protection systems in plant cell can be activated regardless of the stage of growth and development of plants. The experiment was conducted on three vetches species (V. sativa, V. villosa and V. pannonica) under PEG-induced drought stress. Activity of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APx, EC 1.11.1.1) and catalase (CAT, EC 1. 11. 1. 6), was determined in shoots and roots of 10-day-old seedlings. Lack of water during germination period activated all the examined antioxidant enzymes in both organs of all tested Vicia species. The activity of SOD and APx generally increased at higher stress levels, while the enzyme CAT showed different patterns of action in all tested species. The results of this study suggest that drought stress causes the production of oxygen radicals that lead to oxidative stress in plants.Suša značajno utiče na normalan rast i razvoj biljaka ugrožavajući fiziološke i biohemijske procese. U nepovoljnim uslovima spoljašnje sredine, antioksidantni sistemi zaštite u biljnim ćelijama mogu se aktivirati bez obzira na fazu rasta i razvoja biljaka. Ovaj eksperiment je sproveden na tri vrste grahorica (V. sativa, V. villosa i V. pannonica) u uslovima suše indukovane PEG-om. Aktivnost antioksidantnih enzima superoksid dismutase (SOD), askorbat peroksidaze (APx) i katalaze (CAT) merena je u nadzemnom delu i korenu ponika starim deset dana. Nedovoljna količina vode u početnim fazama rasta aktivirala je sve ispitivane antioksidativne enzime u nadzemnom delu i u korenu ponika svih ispitivanih vrsta roda Vicia. Aktivnost SOD i APx se povećala na višim nivoima stresa, dok su se kod enzima katalaza uočili različiti obrasci delovanja u svim testiranim vrstama. Rezultati ovog eksperimenta ukazuju na povećanu produkciju radikala kiseonika u sušnim uslovima koji dovode do oksidativnog stresa u biljkama

Promene u stepenu galaktozilacije IgG kunića tokom dugotrajne imunizacije goveđim serumskim albuminima

The galactose content of isolated IgG was analyzed before immunization and at intervals during prolonged immunization over 16 months. It was found that IgGs from non-immunized and immunized animals differed in galactose content and that the galactose content of serum IgG varied during the course of the immune response. These results suggest possible intraclonal variations or the emergence of subclones of cells secreting IgG that is differently galactosylated relative to the IgG of non-immunized animals. Since isotypic polymorphism of IgG (subclasses), which determines the effector potential(s) of IgG antibodies, does not exist in rabbits, glycosylation may be what defines functional subsets of isotypically uniform antibodies produced during an immune response in these animals.Ugljeni hidrati su strukturni element imunoglobulina G (IgG), bitan za konformaciju i efektorne funkcije molekula. Ugljenohidratni sadržaj čine oligosaharidni lanci (glikani) vezani kovalentno za konzervirani Asn 297 u svakom CH2 domenu Fc regiona IgG molekula. Sadržaj pojedinih šećera koji ulaze u sastav glikana nije isti u svim molekulima IgG. Imunoglobulini G su populacija različitih glikoformi čiji sadržaj varira pod fiziološkim, a naročito pod raznim patološkim uslovima. Pretpostavlja se da su te varijacije odraz promena u distribuciji specifičnih antitela IgG klase tokom tekućeg često hroničnog, imunog odgovora na neki antigen. O dinamici tih promena se međutim, malo zna, a posebno o pojavi glikoformi tokom imunog odgovora koje bi mogle imati patogenetski značaj. U ovom radu su analizirane promene u glikozilaciji serumskih IgG tokom imunog odgovora kunića dugotrajno imunizovanih goveđim serumskim albuminima. Rezultati su ukazali da je taj odgovor praćen permanentnim promenama u sadržaju terminalne galaktoze. S obzirom da su molekuli IgG kunića, za razliku od drugih sisara, izotipski uniformni, tj. nemaju podklase (kojima je determinisana brojnost efektornih funkcija IgG), razlike u galaktozilaciji bi mogle determinisati pojavu funkcionalnih subsetova IgG antitela stvorenih tokom imunog odgovora kod ove vrste

FORENZIČKA TOKSIKOLOGIJA-PRIMENA METODA U OTKRIVANJU KRIVIČNIH DELA I NJENA ULOGA U PROGNOSTICI KRIMINALITETA

U ovom radu biće predstavljeni metodi koji se koriste u forenzičkoj toksikologiji prilikom identifikacije prisustva psihoaktivnih supstanci i otrova u ljudskom organizmu. Analizirani su metodi koji se koriste u Republici Srbiji, poput gasne hromatografije i često primenjivane, gasne hromatografije sa masenom spektrometrijom. Forenzička toksikologija ima veliki uticaj u sudskomedicinskoj praksi, a posebno u sudskim postupcima u kojima se koriste rezultati dobijeni navedenim analizama. Pored otkrivanja krivičnih dela, forenzička toksikologija može značajno doprineti i prognostici kriminaliteta. Rezultati metoda forenzičke toksikologije mogu biti jasan pokazatelj da li su zavisnost i zloupotreba droga u porastu, a koji predstavljaju jedan od značajnijih uzroka kriminalnih aktivnosti

FORENZIČKA TOKSIKOLOGIJA-PRIMENA METODA U OTKRIVANJU KRIVIČNIH DELA I NJENA ULOGA U PROGNOSTICI KRIMINALITETA

U ovom radu biće predstavljeni metodi koji se koriste u forenzičkoj toksikologiji prilikom identifikacije prisustva psihoaktivnih supstanci i otrova u ljudskom organizmu. Analizirani su metodi koji se koriste u Republici Srbiji, poput gasne hromatografije i često primenjivane, gasne hromatografije sa masenom spektrometrijom. Forenzička toksikologija ima veliki uticaj u sudskomedicinskoj praksi, a posebno u sudskim postupcima u kojima se koriste rezultati dobijeni navedenim analizama. Pored otkrivanja krivičnih dela, forenzička toksikologija može značajno doprineti i prognostici kriminaliteta. Rezultati metoda forenzičke toksikologije mogu biti jasan pokazatelj da li su zavisnost i zloupotreba droga u porastu, a koji predstavljaju jedan od značajnijih uzroka kriminalnih aktivnosti

Modification, characterization and application of adsorbents based on the fungi Handkea utriformis for the removal of metal ions from water

Predmet istraņivanja ove doktorske disertacije je modifikacija alkalno aktiviranog subglebalnog tkiva gljive Handkea utriformis aluminijum–oksidom i hidroksiapatitom (HAp) i ispitivanje adsorpcije jona Pb2+, Cd2+ i Ni2+ na dobijenim materijalima u poreĊenju sa adsorpcijom na polaznim materijalima. Navedeni materijali su izabrani zbog netoksiĉnosti, niske cene, hemijske i termiĉke stabilnosti, kao i mogućnosti dobijanja iz prirodnih izvora i otpada. Dosadańnja istraņivanja su potvrdila da γ–aluminijum–oksid (γ–Al2O3) i HAp, u razliĉitim oblicima, imaju afinitet za adsorpciju jona metala iz vodenih rastvora i da se kapacitet adsorpcije povećava sa smanjenjem veliĉine ĉestica. MeĊutim, velika sklonost ka aglomeraciji veoma finih ĉestica dovodi do stvaranja agregata, ńto smanjuje povrńinu dostupnu za adsorpciju, pa samim tim i njihove adsorpcione sposobnosti. Sa ciljem da se spreĉi stvaranje agregata i poveća adsorpcioni kapacitet, tkivo alkalno aktivirane subglebe gljive Handkea utriformis je korińćeno kao nosaĉ za HAp i materijale na bazi γ–Al2O3. Poroznost i broj povrńinskih funkcionalnih grupa (amino i hidroksilnih) subglebe (Su) je povećan alkalnom aktivacijom (Sa). Hemijska analiza subglebe je potvrdila prisustvo polisaharida i proteina, odnosno funkcionalnih grupa pogodnih za adsorpciju katjona metala iz vode, ali i za dalju modifikaciju u cilju dobijanja materijala sa boljim adsorpcionim svojstvima. Poboljńanje adsorpcionih svojstava aluminijum–oksida je ostvareno sintezom trodimenzionalnog makroporoznog (3DOM) γ–aluminijum–oksida strukturno modifikovanog gvoņĊe(III)–oksidom, (Al,Fe)2O3, a zatim i povrńinski aminosilanom, (Al,Fe)2O3APTES. Povrńinskom modifikacijom su uvedene amino funkcionalne grupe, ĉime je izvrńen dodatan uticaj na poboljńanje adsorpcionih svojstava prema ispitivanim katjonima, ali i ostvarena mogućnost kovalentnog vezivanja na alkalno aktiviranu povrńinu subglebe preko 3–(karbometoksi) propanoil hlorida (CPC), (SaCPC–(Al,Fe)2O3APTES). Sinteza 3DOM (Al,Fe)2O3 je ostvarena korińćenjem koloidnog kristalnog ńablona – poli(metil metakrilata), i pokazala se pogodnom za dobijanje materijala koji je makroporozan, velikog kapaciteta adsorpcije prema jonima metala, pri ĉemu je uloga sfernih ĉestica poli(metil metakrilata) bila kljuĉna za formiranje makro–pora. Hidroksiapatit je deponovan na Sa, metodom naizmeniĉne jonske adsorpcije i reakcije (SILAR metoda), kojom je postignuta kontrolisana brzina rasta kristala. Nanońenjm apatita u 15, 25 ili 30 ciklusa po 5 s natapanja u svakom prekursoru, sa ispiranjem vodom izmeĊu ciklusa, formiran je relativno uniforman i homogen HAp film na povrńini nosaĉa, sastavljen od agregata finih ĉestica, ńto je rezultiralo hrapavom povrńinom i poroznom strukturom. Povećanjem broja ciklusa koliĉina deponovanog apatita se povećavala, pa je za dalju karakterizaciju, ispitivanja kinetike i adsorpcije/desorpcije, kao najoptimalniji korińćen Sa–HAp sintetisan u 25 ciklusa. Morfologija polaznih i sintetisanih materijala ispitana je skenirajućom elektronskom mikroskopijom (SEM), teksturalna svojstva adsorpcijom azota na temperaturi teĉnog azota (BET metoda), hemijski sastav energetskom disperzionom spektroskopijom (EDS), a vrste veza infracrvenom spektroskopijom sa Furijeovom transformacijom (FTIR). Taĉka nultog naelektrisanja je odreĊena uravnoteņavanjem posebnih proba. Kinetika adsorpcije jona na svim ispitivanim materijalima se bolje opisuje modelom pseudo–drugog reda nego modelima pseudo–prvog i prvog reda, ńto ukazuje na uspostavljanje hemijskih interakcija izmeĊu adsorbata i slobodnih mesta na povrńini adsorbenata. Veber–Morisov kinetiĉki model je pokazao da brzinu adsorpcije odreĊuju i intraĉestiĉna difuzija i difuzija kroz graniĉni sloj. Proces adsorpcije se u sluĉaju Su, Sa i Sa–HAp najbolje opisuje Langmirovim modelom, ńto ukazuje da dolazi do monoslojne adsorpcije. Adsorpcioni kapaciteti Sa–HAp pri svim ispitivanim temperaturama su bili veći u odnosu na adsorpcione kapacitete Sa i Su. Pretpostavlja se da je deponovanje HAp–a na Sa dovelo do povećanja broja hidroksilnih grupa, ńto je pored postojećih amino grupa u Sa, uvedenih zahvaljujući alkalnom tretmanu, dodatno doprinelo većem adsorpcionom kapacitetu Sa–HAp u odnosu na Sa i Su. Proces adsorpcije se u sluĉaju (Al,Fe)2O3, (Al,Fe)2O3APTES i SaCPC–(Al,Fe)2O3APTES najbolje opisuje Frojndlihovim modelom, odnosno adsorpcija je vińeslojna sa heterogenom raspodelom aktivnih centara na povrńini materijala. Adsorpcioni kapaciteti SaCPC– (Al,Fe)2O3APTES pri svim ispitivanim temperaturama su bili veći u odnosu na adsorpcione kapacitete Sa i (Al,Fe)2O3APTES. Iako povrńinska modifikacija aminosilanom ((Al,Fe)2O3APTES) nije dovela do povećanja specifiĉne povrńine, u odnosu na strukturno modifikovan materijal ((Al,Fe)2O3), veći adsorpcioni kapaciteti aminofunkcionalizovanog materijala su posledica funkcionalnosti povrńine. Adsorpcioni kapaciteti hibridnih materiala SaCPC–(Al,Fe)2O3APTES i Sa–HAp za Pb2+, Cd2+ i Ni2+ na poĉetnoj pH = 6, odnosno 6,5 su veći od kapaciteta polaznih materijala (Su, Sa, (Al,Fe)2O3 i (Al,Fe)2O3APTES) zahvaljujući manjem stepenu aglomeracije i time većoj dostupnosti povrńine. Za sve jone i ispitivane materijale povińenje temperature dovodi do povećanja adsorpcionog kapaciteta, ńto ukazuje da je proces adsorpcije endoterman.The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of modification of alkali–activated subgleba of the mosaic puffball mushroom (Handkea utriformis) using alumina and hydroxyapatite (HAp) on the adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ ions on the obtained materials compared to adsorption on starting materials. These materials were chosen because of their non–toxicity, low cost, chemical and thermal stability, insolubility in water, as well as possibility of obtaining from natural sources and waste. Previous research showed that γ–alumina (γ–Al2O3) and HAp, in different forms, have an affinity for the adsorption of metal ions from aqueous solutions. However, a great tendency towards agglomeration of very fine particles leads to the formation of aggregates, reducing the area available for adsorption and thus their adsorption capacity. To prevent the formation of aggregates and increase the adsorption capacity, alkali–activated subgleba was used as a substrate for deposition of HAp and material based on γ–Al2O3. The porosity and number of surface functional groups (amino and hydroxyl) of the subgleba (Su) are increased by alkaline activation (Sa). Chemical analysis of subgleba confirmed the presence of polysaccharides and proteins, i.e. functional groups suitable for adsorption of metal cations from water, but also for further modification to obtain materials with better adsorption properties. The improvement of the adsorption properties of alumina was achieved by the synthesis of three–dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) alumina doped with iron (III)–oxide, (Al, Fe)2O3, and subsequently surface modified with amino silane (Al,Fe)2O3APTES. Amino groups introduced by surface modification had an additional impact on improving the adsorption properties according to the tested cations, but also achieved the possibility of covalent binding to the alkali– activated surface of the subgleba via 3–(carbomethoxy)propanoyl chloride (CPC), (SaCPC– (Al,Fe)2O3APTES). The synthesis of 3DOM (Al,Fe)2O3 was achieved using a colloidal crystal template – poly(methylmethacrylate) and this method was appropriate to obtain a macroporous material with a high adsorption capacity toward metal ions, while the role of spherical particles of poly(methylmethacrylate) was crucial for the formation of macropores. Alkali treated subglebal material (Sa) was used as a substrate for the deposition of hydroxyapatite by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method that achieved a controlled crystals growth rate. A relatively uniform and homogeneous HAp film, composed of aggregated fine particles, was formed on the substrate surface in 15, 25 or 30 cycles by immersing in each precursor for 5 s and rinsing with water between cycles, providing a rough surface and porous structure. Since the amount of deposited apatite increased with the increasing number of cycles, for further characterization, kinetics and adsorption/desorption tests, Sa–HAp synthesized in 25 cycles was used as the most optimal. The morphology of the starting and synthesized materials was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), textural properties by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (BET method), chemical composition was determined using the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), types of bonds were determined using Fourier–transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The point of zero charge was determined using the pH drift method. The kinetic study of ion adsorption of all tested materials showed that pseudo–second order was the model that best described the experimental adsorption data compared to pseudo first and first order models, indicating the formation of chemical interactions between adsorbates and free sites on the adsorbent surface. The Weber–Morris kinetic model showed that the rate of adsorption is determined by both intraparticle diffusion and boundary layer diffusion. The adsorption process of Su, Sa and Sa–HAp was better described by the Langmuir model, indicating that monolayer adsorption occurs. The adsorption capacities of Sa–HAp, at all examined temperatures, were higher than the adsorption capacities of Sa and Su. It is assumed that the deposition of HAp on Sa led to an increased number of hydroxyl groups, which in addition to the existing amino groups in Sa, introduced due to alkaline treatment, provided the higher adsorption capacity of Sa–HAp compared to Sa and Su. The adsorption on (Al,Fe)2O3, (Al,Fe)2O3APTES and SaCPC–(Al,Fe)2O3APTES was better described by the Freundlich model, i.e. adsorption is multilayered with heterogeneous distribution of active sites on the material surface. The adsorption capacities of SaCPC–(Al,Fe)2O3APTES, at all examined temperatures, were higher than the adsorption capacities of Sa and (Al,Fe)2O3APTES. Although surface modification with amino silane ((Al,Fe)2O3APTES) did not increase specific surface area compared to structurally modified material (Al,Fe)2O3, higher adsorption capacities of amino–functionalized material are a consequence of surface functionality. The capacities of the hybrid materials SaCPC–(Al,Fe)2O3APTES and Sa–HAp for Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+, at the initial pH = 6 or 6.5, are higher than the capacities of the starting materials (Su, Sa, (Al,Fe)2O3 and (Al,Fe)2O3APTES) due to lower degree of agglomeration and thus greater surface availability. For all ions and tested materials, the increase in temperature leads to an increase in the adsorption capacity, which indicates that the adsorption process is endothermic

Diversity and characterization of pepper viruses in Serbia

Dvogodišnjim proučavanjima pojave i rasprostranjenosti virusa u usevu paprike u Srbiji utvrđeno je da se virusi javljaju svake godine kako u proizvodnji rasada, tako i u usevu paprike bilo da je gajen u zaštićenom prostoru ili na otvorenom polju. Serološkim analizama prikupljenih uzoraka paprike primenom DAS–ELISA testa, detektovano je prisustvo pet virusa: virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), virus crtičastog mozaika krompira (Potato virus Y, PVY), virus bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV), virus mozaika lucerke (Alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV) i virus blagog šarenila paprika (Pepper mild mottle virus, PMMoV), koji su se javili u pojedinačnim ili kompleksnim infekcijama. U obe godine istraživanja, utvrđeno je dominantno prisustvo CMV i/ili PVY u proizvodnji rasada, kao i kod oba načina gajenja paprika. Pregledom useva paprike u različitim lokalitetima gajenja zabeležena je pojava niza simptoma na lišću, stablu, cvetovima i plodovima, koji su upućivali na virusnu zarazu, ali nije bilo moguće utvrditi njihovu povezanost sa detektovanim virusom. Za molekularnu detekciju i identifikaciju kao i za potvrdu rezultata dobijenih na osnovu antigenih osobina, korišćeni su odabrani izolati virusa paprike koji su detektovani u usevu paprike serološkim analizama. Amplifikacija različitih regiona genoma virusa obavljena je primenom RT–PCR metode korišćenjem odgovarajućih specifičnih prajmera. Nakon sekvencioniranja i višestrukog uparivanja sekvenci izolata sa sekvencama drugih virusa dostupnih u GenBank bazi podataka i proračunom genetičke sličnosti obavljena je molekularna identifikacija odabranih izolata virusa paprike poreklom iz naše zemlje. Determinisane su nukleotidne sekvence CP gena tri izolata CMV, AMV i PMMoV, sekvence gena za P1 protein tri izolata PVY, sekvence NC gena tri izolata TSWV, kao i nukleotidne sekvence RdRp gena tri izolata PMMoV. Filogenetska analiza na osnovu sekvenci gena za P1 protein, pokazala je grupisanje izolata PVY iz Srbije u klaster sa ostalim evropskim izolatima nekrotičnih sojeva, zatim na osnovu sekvenci CP gena izolata CMV, utvrđena je pripadnost ispitivanih izolata iz paprike podgrupi IA gde je svrstana većina sojeva iz drugih delova sveta. Filogenetska analiza izolata TSWV pokazuje grupisanje ispitivanih izolata u klaster koji čini većina izolata iz Evrope, dok je na osnovu sekvence CP gena izolata AMV, pokazano grupisanje izolata u četiri genetička soja, gde se većina izolata, uključujući i ispitivane, izdvojila u grupu I...A two-year investigation of the presence and distribution of pepper viruses in Serbia revealed that viruses occur each year of transplant, and also in greenhouse and in open field production. Serological analyses of collected pepper samples using DAS-ELISA test detected the presence of five viruses: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), which occurred in single or complex infections. The prevalence of CMV and/or PVY was found in both years of investigation in transplant production and in both ways pepper is grown in Serbia. Survey of pepper crops in different growing regions indicated the occurrence of a number of symptoms on leaves, stem, flowers and fruit, which resembled those of virus infection, but it was not possible to determine their association with detected virus. Selected pepper virus isolates were used for molecular detection and identification as well as for confirmation of the results obtained on the basis of antigenic properties, which have been detected in a crop of pepper by serological analysis. The amplification of different genome regions was performed by RT-PCR method, using specific corresponding primers of the respective viruses. After the sequencing, sequences of Serbian virus isolates were compared with the respective virus sequences available in the GenBank and calculation of genetic homology was performed for molecular identification of selected isolates of the pepper viruses originating from our country. Nucleotide sequences of CP gene of three isolates of CMV, AMV and PMMoV, the P1 protein gene sequence of three PVY isolates, sequences of NC gene of three TSWV isolates and nucleotide sequences of RdRp gene of three PMMoV isolates were determined. Phylogenetic analysis based on gene sequences for P1 protein showed a grouping of PVY isolates from Serbia in a cluster with other European isolates of necrotic strains. On the basis of CP gene phylogenetic analysis, it was shown that tested pepper CMV isolates from Serbia belong to subgroup IA, where most strains from the other parts of the world are classified. Phylogenetic analysis of TSWV isolates showed grouping of Serbian isolates into cluster with most of the isolates from Europe, while, based on the CP gene sequences of AMV isolates, showed grouping of isolates into four genetic strains, where most of the isolates, including tested, allocated in group I..

Numerical Modelling of Y Joints of Trusses Made of Steel Hollow Sections

The use of welded structural hollow sections in civil engineering is relatively new. Constructing and dimensioning joints of steel trusses made of welded structural hollow sections requires a more specified approach, compared to traditional joints, achieved by gusset plates. Stress and local deformations at the contact between elements are non-linear and very complex. In this paper, the FEM modelling of the Y-joint was performed, accounting for the non-linear behaviour of steel. The ultimate bearing capacities of the joint were determined numerically, by applying different failure criteria. The results showed very good agreement with the experimental data

Životna sposobnost i vigor semena različitih inbred linija kukuruza tretiranih neonikotinoidima

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different neonicotinoid seed treatments on viability and vigour of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines. The trial included three maize inbred lines (207 x 312/5 DNS, 7-1 NS, and 312/5 DNS) treated with recommended doses of three commercial formulations of systemic insecticides (Poncho 600-FS, Gaucho 600-FS, and Cruiser 350-FS). Generally, formulation Gaucho 600-FS can be considered the most harmful regarding the impact on the reduction of germination in all tested maize inbred lines. A significant reduction of germination in maize inbred line 7-1 NS was observed after seed treatment with Cruiser 350-FS, using the standard germination test and cold test. A significant increase in seedlings root and shoot growth of maize inbred line 312/5 DNS treated with Poncho 600-FS and Cruiser 350-FS was noted using the cold test.Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita uticaj različitih tretmana semena neonikotinoidima na životnu sposobnost i vigor semena inbred (Zea mays L.) linija kukuruza. Eksperimentalni objekti su bile tri različite inbred linije kukuruza (207 x 312/5 DNS, 7-1 NS i 312/5 DNS) tretirane sa tri komercijalne formulacije (Poncho 600-FS, Gaucho 600-FS i Cruiser 350-FS) u preporučenim dozama. Generalno se Gaucho 600-FS može smatrati štetnim pošto utiče na smanjenje klijavosti semena kod svih ispitivanih inbred linija. Značajno smanjenje klijavosti semena inbred linije 7-1 NS primećeno je nakon tretmana sa Cruiser 350-FS kod standarnog testa klijavosti i hladnog testa. Značajan porast korena i nadzemnog dela izdanaka inbred linije 312/5 DNS tretirane formulacijama Poncho 600-FS i Cruiser 350-FS je uočen primenom hladnog testa

First record and morphological characteristics of the Balkan golden loach Sabanejewia balcanica (Cobitidae) in Montenegro

Background and Purpose: In June 2005 the Balkan golden loach Sabanejewia balcanica (Karaman, 1922) was found for the first time in Montenegro in the Lim river. Materials and Methods: Nine specimens were measured morphometrically and meristically. Seventeen morphometric characters were measured to the nearest 0.1mmwith callipers and four meristic characters were counted. Results: The habitats in which these specimens have been found belong to the barbell zone with clear water and gravel bottom (large stones, gravel and sand), and rarely below the roots of woody plants. In this locality, beside Balkan golden loach, 9 more species were found. Conclusions: This study is a contribution to dispersion and more detailed knowledge of morphological characteristics of Balkan golden loach

Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of a Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Neuropeptide Y, and Substance P, in rat adrenal cortex after acute heat stress

Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), Neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the absence of Substance P (SP) immunoreactivity in the rat adrenal cortex. VIP- and NPY-immunoreactivity were detected in nerve fibers around the small blood vessels projecting into the capsule and cortical zones surrounding blood vessels and cortical cells. After acute heat stress, VIP- and NPY-immunoreactivities in the nerve fibers were reduced, probably as a result of the release of these peptides