UNIQUE RHETORIC IN AHMAD FARAZ'S POETRY

Ilma e Badee (Rhetoric) is an important branch of knowledge that deals with poetry. In this branch of knowledge, those tools and standards are discussed which play an important role to evaluate poetry and other related genres. The ways and means to achieve the beauty of poetry are discovered through it. The verse is adorned with the qualities of diction and meaning. These are called “Sana e lafzi and Sana e Manvi". Though Ahmed Faraz did not deliberately try to use these Sana-e-lafzi-o- Manavi, as the classical master poets used to do, his command over the rules of rhetorics and principles of poetics is unprecedented among his contemporaries. Instead of using these Sanae Badae as that ornaments, Ahmed Faraz uses them to extend their meaning beyond their boundaries. A long-range Sanae Badae is found in his poetry which beautifies his contents and the forms as well. In this article, 34 Sanae Lafzi (with different kinds) and 18 Sanae Manvi have been identified Faraz`s poetry. His individuality is reflected through this Sanae badae.                  The particular trait of Ahmed Faraz is that he has not merely used "sanae badae” on a word level, rather he has utilized these “ilm e byaan and ilme e maani” in a broad spectrum. On account of these qualities, his poetry is regarded as a beautiful combination of musicality and meaningfulness. Ahmed Faraz is a modern poet but his modernity is deeply rooted in classical values. He, actually, derives the beauty of poetry from the classical system of values comprising “Sana e lafzi and Sana e Manvi". His individuality lies in blending both of the values of the systems i.e classicism and modernism

منیر نیازی کی شاعری کا بدیعی رنگ و آہنگ

Munir Niazi came to the fore as one of the most influential voices of Urdu poetry in the last half of the twentieth century. His poetry is a coalescence of reality and awe and fascination .In his poetry, the reality peers out from the mirror of fascination and admiration. The poetic experiences of Munir Niazi manifest through an affinity to nature. There are outstanding examples of "Ilm-e-badii" (the rules of consistency, eloquence, rhetoric and ingenuity). In "Ilm-e-badii" the literal and metaphorical meanings of a word are put into use. Looking from another prospective, "Ilm-e-badii" is a kind of rhetoric, where the literal and metaphorical meanings of words are employed in such a masterful way that they become an organic whole, resulting in effective and expressive verses. The present article explores the figures of speech engaged in Munir's poetry. The different forms of "saanat-e-tajnees" (paronomasia like Homophonic, Homographic, Homonymic, Recursive and compound)," saanat-e -takraar(Repetition like Apostrophe, Diacope, Epizeuxis, polyptoton and Epanalepsis) and "Sanaat-e-Tazaad" (contrast like Antithesis, Oxymoron and paradox) and many other tropes of speech and rhetoric. In Munir Niazi's oeuvre, above mentioned figures of speech have been manipulated with such consummate artistry and wizardry that there are no convolutions and results in efficacy and lucidity. The astute and expedient use of these figures is no mean task and some of the poets cannot maintain a befitting balance but Munir Niazi's poetry is free of any such blemishes.

ڈاکٹر خیال امروہی کی شاعری میں صنائع بدائع کا خصوص

                        Dr. Khayal Amrhovi is one among the most prestigious poets that came in prominence in the late 20th century. He was associated with the progressive movement. He raised his voice against the systems of feudalism and capitalism throughout his life in his poetry. He always resisted against the persecution and unequal distribution of wealth through his creative writing. His poetry has achieved a significant position because of its intellectual and artistic elements. The present article highlights the concept of tropology (Sanae and badae) in the poetry of Dr. Khayal Amrhovi. Ilm e badeeh is the science through which attempts are made to describe the ways to enhance the delicense in the process of communication. The attempts are made to embellished the process of communication at both literal and semantic levels. Therefore, ilm-e-badeeh is also defined as a combination of both wordy topology (Sanae lafzi) and semantic tropology (Sanae manvi). In Eastern poetry Ilm-badeeh has attained a special significance along with rhetoric ('ilm-e-bayaan) These sciences are studied separately for comprehensive understanding, but dealt in collectively in the process of communication. The use of these terms provides a comprehensive impression in verse. If we talk about the literal and semantic features of the word tropology then it refers to the delicate and skillful and figurative use of words. These qualities of words make the word pleasant and adds to the semantic features of the poem. This article traces both literal and semantic tropology in the poetry of Dr. Khayal Amrhovi. &nbsp

Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundFuture trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050.MethodsUsing forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline.FindingsIn the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]).InterpretationGlobally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.</p