Investigation of Coatings, Corrosion and Wear Characteristics of Machined Biomaterials through Hydroxyapatite Mixed-EDM Process: A Review

Together, 316L steel, magnesium-alloy, Ni-Ti, titanium-alloy, and cobalt-alloy are commonly employed biomaterials for biomedical applications due to their excellent mechanical characteristics and resistance to corrosion, even though at times they can be incompatible with the body. This is attributed to their poor biofunction, whereby they tend to release contaminants from their attenuated surfaces. Coating of the surface is therefore required to mitigate the release of contaminants. The coating of biomaterials can be achieved through either physical or chemical deposition techniques. However, a newly developed manufacturing process, known as powder mixed-electro discharge machining (PM-EDM), is enabling these biomaterials to be concurrently machined and coated. Thermoelectrical processes allow the migration and removal of the materials from the machined surface caused by melting and chemical reactions during the machining. Hydroxyapatite powder (HAp), yielding Ca, P, and O, is widely used to form biocompatible coatings. The HAp added-EDM process has been reported to significantly improve the coating properties, corrosion, and wear resistance, and biofunctions of biomaterials. This article extensively explores the current development of bio-coatings and the wear and corrosion characteristics of biomaterials through the HAp mixed-EDM process, including the importance of these for biomaterial performance. This review presents a comparative analysis of machined surface properties using the existing deposition methods and the EDM technique employing HAp. The dominance of the process factors over the performance is discussed thoroughly. This study also discusses challenges and areas for future research

Diaminobenzene Schiff Base Induces Caspase 9-dependent Apoptosis In U937 Leukemia Cells Diaminobenzene Schiff Base Induces Caspase 9-dependent Apoptosis In U937 Leukemia Cells

Abstract Metal complex Schiff base compounds have been shown to be cytotoxic in vitro. However little is known concerning anticancer activity of Schiff bases that lack metal cations. The antineoplastic properties of two isomeric derivatives of diaminobenzene bis-Schiff base compounds, namely: N,N '-Bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-1,2-diaminobe nzene (2MJ) and N,N '-Bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-1,3-diaminobe nzene (2MH) towards U937 and K562 leukemia cell lines were investigated in this study. Both compounds were more cytotoxic towards U937 lymphoma cell with little effect on K562 cells when analysed using Sodium 3′-[1-(phenylamino-carbonyl)-3,4-Tetrazolium]-bis (4-methoxy-6-nitro) benzene sulfonic acid hydrate (XTT) cell proliferation assay technique . The IC 50 value for 2MJ was almost half of 2MH . Both compounds were also found to induce apoptosis in U937 leukemia cells as evidenced by the induction of caspase 3 and 7. The level of caspase 3/7 induction was more pronounced in cells treated with 2MJ compared to 2MH. Caspase-9 was identifiedas the regulatory upstream caspase activated in U937 cells treatedwith 2MH and 2MJ, implicating the mitochondrial apoptoticpathway in diaminobenzene Schiff base-induced leukemia cell death. Both agents caused negligible effect on caspase-8 indicating a non Fas ligand receptor involvement in the apoptosis cascade. Neither compounds showed significant mutagenic outcome in the AMES mutagenicity assay. The result of this study highlights the potential of diaminobenzene bis-Schiff base compounds as a prospective agent to target cancer cells via the mitochondria

Salmonellosis: The Diseases, Treatment, Prevention and Drug Resistance Salmonellosis: The Diseases, Treatment, Prevention and Drug Resistance

Abstract The global impact of Salmonellosis is still very significant amidst the positive developments in the medical field. This review article focuses on the various manifestations or diseases in human beings due to Salmonellosis and the drugs which aid in prophylaxis and treatment of the various diseases brought about by the bacterium. The article will also touch on drug resistance issues with respect to Salmonellosis which is becoming a major global health concern

The Overview of Meningitis and its Treatment

Abstract Meningitis is generally an infection involving the inflammation of the meninges which is becoming an increasingly common non-infectious disease. Patients with meningitis must be given treatment within a rapid period of time as delay in treatment causes various serious complications. Studies have shown that meningitis has a high mortality rate in most countries and therefore, in our research paper, we aim to discover and explore more about the causative agents of meningitis, both classic signs and uncommon symptoms of meningitis, ways to diagnose infection of meningitis, risk factors for meningitis and also the therapies available to combat meningitis. In order to achieve the objectives above, we took several approaches to gain answers and explanations to our questions. First of all, we derived many research journals from the internet that were related to the field of our study. We analyzed the findings of these medical journals and focused on the selected topics we were assigned to. Also, we searched for related information from other published medical books. Upon completion of all the procedures, we found that meningitis could be classified into several groups based on their causative microorganisms. We also discovered that the empiric therapy for most meningitis cases were mostly third generation antibiotics as they could penetrate the CSF. Lumbar puncture may also be conducted to discover the causative agent of meningitis in a patient. Also, there were many drugs in the market available for the treatment of meningitis. This discovery enables us to determine the drugs for empirical therapy of meningitis and the specific drugs used after the causative agent of meningitis has been identified. In conclusion, this research study has increased our understanding of meningitis