Updating the role of matrix metalloproteinases in mineralized tissue and related diseases

Bone development and healing processes involve a complex cascade of biological events requiring well-orchestrated synergism with bone cells, growth factors, and other trophic signaling molecules and cellular structures. Beyond health processes, MMPs play several key roles in the installation of heart and blood vessel related diseases and cancer, ranging from accelerating metastatic cells to ectopic vascular mineralization by smooth muscle cells in complementary manner. The tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) have an important role in controlling proteolysis. Paired with the post-transcriptional efficiency of specific miRNAs, they modulate MMP performance. If druggable, these molecules are suggested to be a platform for development of “smart” medications and further clinical trials. Thus, considering the pleiotropic effect of MMPs on mammals, the purpose of this review is to update the role of those multifaceted proteases in mineralized tissues in health, such as bone, and pathophysiological disorders, such as ectopic vascular calcification and cancer

Relações lineares múltiplas entre deslocamentos químicos em RMN 13C de haletos alifáticos

Os deslocamentos químicos de RMN 13C de carbonos a , b , g e d de 17 conjuntos de haletos (F, Cl Br e I) alifáticos, inclusive compostos mono, bi e tricíclicos, podem ser reproduzidos por uma equação linear de duas constantes e duas variáveis do tipo : d R-X = A*d R-X1 + B*d R-X2 onde A e B são constantes obtidas por regressão multilinear a partir de deslocamentos químicos de 13C; d R-X, o deslocamento químico de 13C do composto com halogênio (R-X); d R-X1 e d R-X2 deslocamentos químicos de outros haletos. Para brometos (R-X) alifáticos a melhor correlação foi obtida com os dados de fluoretos (R-X1) e iodetos (R-X2) com R2 de 0,9989 e desvio médio absoluto (DM) de 0,39ppm. Para cloretos (R-X) a melhor correlação foi com dados de brometos (R-X1) e iodetos (R-X2) com R2 de 0,9960 e DM de 0,76ppm. Para fluoretos (R-X) a melhor correlação foi com brometos (R-X1) e iodetos (R-X2) com R2 de 0,9977 e DM de 1,10ppm e para iodetos (R-X) foi com fluoretos (R-X1) e brometos (R-X2) com R2 de 0,9972 e desvio médio absoluto de 0,60 ppm.The 13C NMR chemical shifts of the a , b , g and d carbons of 17 sets of aliphatic halides (F, Cl, Br and I ), including mono, bi and tricyclic componds, can be reproduced by a linear equation composed with two constants and two variables: d R-X = A * d R-X1 + B* d R-X2, where A and B are constants derived from multilinear regression of 13C chemical shifts observed; d R-X, the chemical shifts of aliphatic halide (R-X) and d R-X1, d R-X2 the chemical shifts of other halides. Were observed better correlation for aliphatic bromides (R-X) by using data of aliphatic fluorides (R-X1) and aliphatic iodides (R-X2), resulting R2 of 0.9989 and average absolute deviation (AVG) of 0.39 ppm. For the clorides (R-X), the better correlation were observed by using data of bromides (R-X1) and iodides (R-X2), R2 of 0.9960 and AVG of 0.76ppm. For the fluorides (R-X) were observed better correlation with data of bromides (R-X1) and iodides (R-X2), R2 of 0.9977 and AVG of 1.10 ppm. For the iodides (R-X) were observed better correlation with data of fluorides (R-X1) and bromides (R-X2), R2 of 0.9972 and AVG of 0.60

Efects of the sazonality and method of collection on the production of propolis essential oil

Studies on essential oils of Brazilian propolis indicated the existence of significant differences in their qualitative composition. These differences may be influenced by the seasons and the production method. This work aims to evaluate the composition of essential oil from propolis produced in different seasons and collection method (shim, smart propolis collector and  plastic screen) on propolis collected by bees Apis mellifera. Fifteen hives of africanized bees Apis mellifera, housed in standard Langstroth hives, were randomly distributed and managed for the exclusively production of propolis. Before the beginning of the experiment, the nests were standardized as to the number of frames and creates. Five bee hives were randomly selected for each method of propolis production in the following treatments: T1- smart propolis collector (SPC); T2- plastic screen and T3- shim. The propolis were collected monthly in each treatment, and were cleaned, mixed and stored until the moment of the analysis of extraction of essential oil. Essential oil extraction was performed by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus in a period of six hours. The oil extracted was split into aliquots and stored at 4-6°C, and was subjected to chemical analysis by means of mass spectrometer coupled to a gas chromatograph (GC-MS), SHIMAZU brand, model QP5050A. The identifications of substances were made based on the interpretation of mass spectra, with the aid of the NIST library, by calculated values of retention Index and data from the literature. Thirteen volatile compounds were identified in the propolis samples studied. All samples of essential oils presented alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, sesquiterpenics hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons and benzyl benzoate, which were dependent on the season and method of collecting used. 2,3 butanodial compounds, 1,3 Butanediol were observed in all samples of essential oils analyzed, regardless of the season and method of harvest. The nerolidol and espathulenol compounds were also identified in almost all samples with the exception of the spring sample using the technique of SPC. The decanal was found only in the summer season using the technique of SPC and autumn using shim technique. Sesquiterpenics hydrocarbons – copaene, cadineno and E-caryophyllene - were found. It was observed the presence of the compounds nonadecane and tricosano in all essential oil samples analyzed, regardless of the season and method of harvest. Benzyl benzoate was found in greater concentration in the season of the summer with the collector shim. The results in this current study suggest that depending on the time of year the bees could collect the resin of different plant sources, which would explain the differences. Propolis samples presented variations in the composition of its volatile fraction, which suffered interference of the season and method of collecting

In vitro antibacterial and chemical properties of essential oils including native plants from Brazil against pathogenic and resistant bacteria

The antimicrobials products from plants have increased in importance due to the therapeutic potential in the treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, we aimed to examine the chemical characterisation (GC-MS) of essential oils (EO) from seven plants and measure antibacterial activities against bacterial strains isolated from clinical human specimens (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and sensitive (MSSA), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhimurium) and foods (Salmonella Enteritidis). Assays were performed using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC and MIC90%) (mg/mL) by agar dilution and time kill curve methods (log CFU/mL) to aiming synergism between EO. EO chemical analysis showed a predominance of terpenes and its derivatives. The highest antibacterial activities were with Cinnamomun zeylanicum (0.25 mg/mL on almost bacteria tested) and Caryophyllus aronzaticus EO (2.40 mg/mL on Salmonella Enteritidis), and the lowest activity was with Eugenia uniflora (from 50.80 mg/mL against MSSA to 92.40 mg/mL against both Salmonella sources and P aeruginosa) EO. The time kill curve assays revealed the occurrence of bactericide synergism in combinations of C. aromaticus and C. zeylanicum with Rosmarinus. officinalis. Thus, the antibacterial activities of the EO were large and this can also be explained by complex chemical composition of the oils tested in this study and the synergistic effect of these EO, yet requires further investigation because these interactions between the various chemical compounds can increase or reduce (antagonism effect) the inhibitory effect of essential oils against bacterial strains