An analisis of the CO2 emission abatement in plastic recycling system using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology: a case study of Bandung city, Indonesia

Global warming issue becomes a main issue in sustainable development planning for every country in the world. Indonesia as developing country has commitment to contribute in CO2 abatement with proper development policies. Since May 2008 Indonesia has introduced new law of Solid Waste Management (UU No. 18/2008), the basis of waste management under this law is waste reduction to a landfill as the first priority. The highest waste material compositions in general are organic (50%) and plastic (15%) such as PET, PP, etc. In Indonesia, plastic is common to use as container/packaging. Plastic in Indonesia still using petroleum-based container/packaging and it contributes CO2 emission in the life cycle. Thus, the recycling system on the plastic is significant in order to mitigate CO2 emissions. That is, in this paper, we find the optimal system so as to reduce CO2 emission in the plastic recycling system. The new scenarios on the recycling plastic in transportation sector and manufacturing sector will introduce in this study. In transportation sector, higher truck capacity will introduce to see the effect on CO2 emissions abatement. In manufacturing sector, environmental friendly energy from new renewable energy will introduce to replace conventional energy sector. System Blue Tower (BT) technology through which the environmentally friendly electricity is supplied from municipal organic waste was argued. The proposal of a concrete system would be a CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) project in the near future. This study will model plastic recycling life cycle in Bandung City as a case study.Keywords: Plastic Recycling, LCA, CO abatement, Bandung Ci

An Analisis of the CO2 Emission Abatement in Plastic Recycling System Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Methodology: a Case Study of Bandung City, Indonesia

Global warming issue becomes a main issue in sustainable development planning for every country in the world. Indonesia as developing country has commitment to contribute in CO2 abatement with proper development policies. Since May 2008 Indonesia has introduced new law of Solid Waste Management (UU No. 18/2008), the basis of waste management under this law is waste reduction to a landfill as the first priority. The highest waste material compositions in general are organic (50%) and plastic (15%) such as PET, PP, etc. In Indonesia, plastic is common to use as container/packaging. Plastic in Indonesia still using petroleum-based container/packaging and it contributes CO2 emission in the life cycle. Thus, the recycling system on the plastic is significant in order to mitigate CO2 emissions. That is, in this paper, we find the optimal system so as to reduce CO2 emission in the plastic recycling system. The new scenarios on the recycling plastic in transportation sector and manufacturing sector will introduce in this study. In transportation sector, higher truck capacity will introduce to see the effect on CO2 emissions abatement. In manufacturing sector, environmental friendly energy from new renewable energy will introduce to replace conventional energy sector. System Blue Tower (BT) technology through which the environmentally friendly electricity is supplied from municipal organic waste was argued. The proposal of a concrete system would be a CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) project in the near future. This study will model plastic recycling life cycle in Bandung City as a case study

Environmental Impact Assessment of PEM Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power Generation System for Residential Application Considering Cathode Catalyst Layer Degradation

Recently, fuel cell combined heat and power systems (FC-CGSs) for residential applications have received increasing attention. The International Electrotechnical Commission has issued a technical specification (TS 62282-9-101) for environmental impact assessment procedures of FC-CGSs based on the life cycle assessment, which considers global warming during the utilization stage and abiotic depletion during the manufacturing stage. In proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), platinum (Pt) used in the catalyst layer is a major contributor to abiotic depletion, and Pt loading affects power generation performance. In the present study, based on TS 62282-9-101, we evaluated the environmental impact of a 700 W scale PEMFC-CGS considering cathode catalyst degradation. Through Pt dissolution and Ostwald ripening modeling, the electrochemical surface area transition of the Pt catalyst was calculated. As a result of the 10-year evaluation, the daily power generation of the PEMFC-CGS decreased by 11% to 26%, and the annual global warming value increased by 5% due to the increased use of grid electricity. In addition, when Pt loading was varied between 0.2 mg/cm2 and 0.4 mg/cm2, the 10-year global warming values were reduced by 6.5% to 7.8% compared to the case without a FC-CGS

A Life Cycle Analysis on a Bio-DME production system considering the species of biomass feedstock in Japan and Papua New Guinea

This paper describes the performance and/or CO2 intensities of a Bio-DME (Biomass Di-methyl Ether) production system, considering the differences of biomass feedstock. In the past LCA studies on an energy chain model, there is little knowledge on the differences of biomass feedstock and/or available condition. Thus, in this paper, we selected Papua New Guinea (PNG) which has good potential for supply of an energy crop (a short rotation forestry), and Japan where wood remnants are available, as model areas. Also, we referred to 9 species of biomass feedstock of PNG, and to 8 species in Japan. The system boundary on our LCA consists of (1) the pre-treatment process, (2) the energy conversion process, and (3) the fuel transportation process. Especially, since the pre-treatment process has uncertainties related to the moisture content of biomass feedstock, as well as the distance from the cultivation site to the energy plant, we considered them by the Monte Carlo simulation. Next, we executed the process design of the Bio-DME production system based on the basic experimental results of pyrolysis and char gasification reactions. Due to these experiments, the gas components of pyrolysis and the gasification rate under H2O (steam) and CO2 were obtained. Also, we designed the pressurized fluid-bed gasification process. In a liquefaction process, that is, a synthesis process of DME, the result based on an equilibrium constant was used. In the proposed system, a steam turbine for an auxiliary power was assumed to be equipped, too. The energy efficiencies are 39.0-56.8 LHV-%, depending upon the biomass species. Consequently, CO2 intensities in the whole system were 16.3-47.2 g-CO2/MJ-DME in the Japan case, and 12.2-36.7 g-CO2/MJ-DME in the PNG one, respectively. Finally, using the results of CO2 intensities and energy efficiencies, we obtained the regression equations as parameters of hydrogen content and heating value of a feedstock. These equations will be extremely significant when we install the BTL (biomass-to-liquid, ex. Bio-DME) energy system in the near future, in order to mitigate CO2 emissions effectively, and to estimate the energy's efficiency.Bio-DME (Biomass Di-methyl Ether) LCA methodology Monte Carlo simulation The regression analysis