Senator Henry M. Jackson and the U.S.-Soviet detente

This thesis investigates important aspects of United States policy toward the Soviet Union through a close and critical examination of the views of Senator Henry M. Jackson, a Democrat from the state of Washington. Intellectually, the thesis considers the contents and interconnectedness of Jackson's ideas on U.S.-Soviet relations, places those ideas in the context of American diplomatic history, and evaluates the extent to which those ideas shaped U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union. Institutionally, the thesis examines how Jackson, as a member of the legislative branch, was able to influence profoundly the direction of such a critical international relationship. Chapters one through three introduce the ideological and institutional framework of American foreign policy, trace the intellectual development of Senator Jackson's and the Nixon Administration's views on the U.S.-Soviet relationship, and discuss Jackson's critical support of the Administration's early initiatives. Chapters four through eight then examine the Senator's defection from detente and his persistent efforts to redirect U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union, using arms control, trade, and human rights as vehicles for contrasting Jackson's views of U.S.-Soviet relations with those of three successive Administrations. As those five chapters show in detail, Jackson skillfully drew upon his deep understanding of the ideological traditions and institutional structure of American foreign policy to direct a remarkably sustained and successful application of Congress' foreign affairs powers. He succeeded not only in blocking detente but also in driving America's Soviet policy in a more confrontational direction -- both ideologically and geopolitically -- aimed at transforming Soviet foreign and domestic behavior

The Effect of Drug Legalization on Property Crime in a County in Washington State: A Causal-Comparative Study

Washington state embarked on an ambitious policy of drug legalization from February of 2021 to July of 2023. Initially arising from the Washington State Supreme Court’s Blake decision and continued through new legislation later in the year, drug legalization had a significant impact on Washington State communities. The lack of criminal sanctions for drug possession eliminated deterrence, increased impairment and cognitive deficits related to drug use, and prevented the use of court-ordered rehabilitative interventions. An understanding of the impacts of drug legalization on American communities is essential and currently understudied. This study set out to assess the effect of drug legalization on property crime in a county in Washington State using the FBI’s four Part II property crimes: burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. A causal-comparative design with a Massachusetts control county was used to ensure localized effects related to the Blake decision. A paired samples t-test was used to determine the one year pre- and post-Blake decision effects for burglary, larceny-theft, and arson, while a Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to assess motor vehicle theft. The Washington county saw statistically significant increases in larceny-theft, motor vehicle, and arson after drug legalization, while burglary had a non-statistically significant large increase. In comparison, the Massachusetts county saw non-statistically significant decreases in larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson, and a very small increase in burglary. These results suggest drug legalization leads to a localized increase in property crime rates

Genome editing in non-model organisms opens new horizons for comparative physiology

For almost 100 years, biologists have made fundamental discoveries using a handful of model organisms that are not representative of the rich diversity found in nature. The advent of CRISPR genome editing now opens up a wide range of new organisms to mechanistic investigation. This increases not only the taxonomic breadth of current research but also the scope of biological problems that are now amenable to study, such as population control of invasive species, management of disease vectors such as mosquitoes, the creation of chimeric animal hosts to grow human organs and even the possibility of resurrecting extinct species such as passenger pigeons and mammoths. Beyond these practical applications, work on non-model organisms enriches our basic understanding of the natural world. This special issue addresses a broad spectrum of biological problems in non-model organisms and highlights the utility of genome editing across levels of complexity from development and physiology to behaviour and evolution

Traditions in thought: The case of Scottish political economy

A number of commentators have recently identified a 'uniquely Scottish mode of thought in economics', or a particular 'Scottish political economy tradition'. In this paper the concept of tradition, defined as those features common to practitioners over a relatively long period, is investigated in relation to 'school', 'paradigm' and 'research programme'. An application of the concept to the Scottish Enlightenment period suggests that its use is in line with the philosophical approach of Adam Smith, and shows that the concept allows account to be taken of external institutional/historical influences in interpreting the history of economics

Rae and the Tradition of Scottish Political Economy

The purpose of the chapter is to investigate how far Rae is representative of the Scottish Political Economy Tradition, where tradition is understood in terms of continuity in a shared approach, allowing for theoretical differences. While Rae conforms to most features identified with the Scottish tradition, his opposition to Smith’s methodology suggests a divergence of approach which would put him outside the tradition. It is argued here that this divergence applies only to Rae’s professed methodology, not to his practice

Cosmic dimensions

Martin's Axiom for $\sigma$-centered partial orders implies that there is a cosmic space with non-coinciding dimensions.Comment: 2005-11-15: new version, largely rewritte

Chloride channels in stellate cells are essential for uniquely high secretion rates in neuropeptide-stimulated Drosophila diuresis

Epithelia frequently segregate transport processes to specific cell types, presumably for improved efficiency and control. The molecular players underlying this functional specialization are of particular interest. In Drosophila, the renal (Malpighian) tubule displays the highest per-cell transport rates known and has two main secretory cell types, principal and stellate. Electrogenic cation transport is known to reside in the principal cells, whereas stellate cells control the anion conductance, but by an as-yet-undefined route. Here, we resolve this issue by showing that a plasma membrane chloride channel, encoded by ClC-a, is exclusively expressed in the stellate cell and is required for Drosophila kinin-mediated induction of diuresis and chloride shunt conductance, evidenced by chloride ion movement through the stellate cells, leading to depolarization of the transepithelial potential. By contrast, ClC-a knockdown had no impact on resting secretion levels. Knockdown of a second CLC gene showing highly abundant expression in adult Malpighian tubules, ClC-c, did not impact depolarization of transepithelial potential after kinin stimulation. Therefore, the diuretic action of kinin in Drosophila can be explained by an increase in ClC-a–mediated chloride conductance, over and above a resting fluid transport level that relies on other (ClC-a–independent) mechanisms or routes. This key segregation of cation and anion transport could explain the extraordinary fluid transport rates displayed by some epithelia

Hybrid Opacity in Berbice Dutch Creole

Recent work on opacity calls attention to the need for a refined taxonomy (e.g. Baković 2007, 2011), though the mutual exclusivity of the two major kinds of opaque interactions, underapplication and overapplication, remains unquestioned. No interaction has, until now, been reported to display both effects for a single input to output mapping. I present one case from Berbice Dutch Creole (hereafter Berbice) where, depending on the analysis, nasal place assimilation simultaneously underapplies and overapplies, due to an interaction with consonant deletion. In this paper, I present several possible analyses of the Berbice data in rule-based serialism and Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains (McCarthy 2007) and compare the claims these frameworks make on the interaction's classification. I also discuss the theoretical implications of hybrid opacity and how it may fit within the larger taxonomy of opacity. Finally, I lay the foundation for further work on the phenomenon by presenting a generalized template and a possible experimental design