37 research outputs found

    Détermination des lois de mélange idéal des grandeurs thermodynamiques en mélanges de non-électrolytes

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    L’étude des interactions molĂ©culaires dans les mĂ©langes de non-Ă©lectrolytes s’effectue souvent au moyen de fonctions d’excĂšs traduisant les dĂ©viations d’une propriĂ©tĂ© par rapport Ă  l’idĂ©alitĂ©. Nous avons donc prĂ©cisĂ© tout d’abord les divers critĂšres d’idĂ©alitĂ©, totale ou partielle, puis Ă©laborĂ© une systĂ©matique dĂ©rivĂ©e des lois de conservation des grandeurs thermodynamiques extensives, dites gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©es. Ces dĂ©marches nous ont permis d’établir l’expression des lois de mĂ©lange idĂ©al pour un trĂšs grand nombre de grandeurs thermodynamiques et ce, selon des critĂšres mathĂ©matiques dĂ©pourvus de tout empirisme. Ce travail est enfin illustrĂ© par l’application Ă  des variables thermodynamiques dont, pour certaines, les lois de mĂ©lange idĂ©al, ou bien n’étaient pas connues, ou bien Ă©taient proposĂ©es sous diverses formes contradictoires

    A scanning probe microscopy study of nanostructured TiO2/poly(3-hexylthiophene) hybrid heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications

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    The nanoscale morphology of photoactive hybrid heterojunctions plays a key role in the performances of hybrid solar cells. In this work, the heterojunctions consist of a nanocolumnar TiO2 surface covalently grafted with a monolayer of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) functionalized with carboxylic groups (–COOH). Through a joint analysis of the photovoltaic properties at the nanoscale by photoconductive-AFM (PC-AFM) and surface photovoltage imaging, we investigated the physical mechanisms taking place locally during the photovoltaic process and the correlation to the nanoscale morphology. A down-shift of the vacuum level of the TiO2 surface upon grafting was measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), evidencing the formation of a dipole at the TiO2/P3HT-COOH interface. Upon in situ illumination, a positive photovoltage was observed as a result of the accumulation of photogenerated holes in the P3HT layer. A positive photocurrent was recorded in PC-AFM measurements, whose spatial mapping was interpreted consistently with the corresponding KPFM analysis, offering a correlated analysis of interest from both a theoretical and material design perspective
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