A Report on Iowa Farm Housing

What\u27s ahead for housing during the next few years? That\u27s a question many Iowa farm families are pondering these days

An economic appraisal of Iowa farm housing

In 1940, Iowa had 213,318 farms and 236,741 rural-farm dwelling units.2 These dwellings represented 32.6 percent of the state\u27s total dwellings and housed 36.1 percent of the state\u27s population. They were valued in that year at approximately 350 million dollars, representing 24.7 percent of the value of all dwellings in the state, 44.4 percent of the total value of farm buildings, including dwellings, and 13.1 percent of the total value of farm land and buildings.3 These measures indicate the size of the economic area which this bulletin discusses

An estimate of the volume of farm dwelling construction in Iowa

Economic research in farm housing can be greatly facilitated by the development of a low-cost method of making reliable annual estimates of farm construction volume and by the accumulation of time series over a period long enough to reveal fluctuations in the type and volume of construction. Methods of estimating residential construction volume in urban areas have been used long enough to yield much useful statistical data, although refinements continue to be made. However, there have been few estimates of farm dwelling construction volume.2 The greater emphasis on urban housing has probably resulted from the greater volume of urban construction compared with farm construction. Also, statistics may be more easily secured from urban centers where building permits are used and where many large-volume builders can provide data. Geographic decentralization of farm dwelling construction, the general absence of building permits, and the probably small volume of construction per builder have made the collection of farm data expensive

The structure of the Iowa retail lumber industry

The core of an economic analysis of farm housing3 lies in the study of the forces and processes by which the values of farm dwellings are determined. Although this central problem of value determination underlies all economic research in farm housing, its solution, at least in the early stages of research, can probably be effected more efficiently by indirect rather than by direct means. Specifically, we need to know something about the institutional framework of the housing market and about the relationships among participants in that market if we are to approach the problem of value determination with realistic assumptions about the market situation within which those values are determined

The retail lumber establishment and farm dwelling construction in Iowa

Farm families of Iowa spent about $48 million in 1948 for farm housing. About half of this-$22 million-was for new dwellings. The remainder was for alterations and repairs. This total expenditure was about 2.2 percent of the estimated gross cash receipts from farming in that year.2 To appraise the industry which produces this housing, it is necessary to have some knowledge of revenue and costs of firms in housing construction at various levels of output. If one is also to determine the extent to which harmony of interests among producers, owners of resources and consumers of farm housing has been achieved, some knowledge of the cost-revenue structures of other industries would also be necessary

Put Farm Savings in... Better Housing

For the first time in many years, Iowa farm families are in a financial position to do something about the houses they live in

PROPOSIÇÕES PARA UMA AULA INTERDISCIPLINAR EM ESPAÇOS ALTERNATIVOS DE APRENDIZAGEM

The present work aims to bring the discussion about non-school spaces and their potential for teaching, as a way to awaken the interest of our students so that they build knowledge. We believe that working with these spaces enriches school knowledge and makes it possible to understand knowledge that does not specifically belong to disciplinary domains. We will present a multidisciplinary proposal in one of the parks in the city of Cuiabá in the State of Mato Grosso, where an activity composed of seven observation stations will be the setting for a field class, composing an ecological trail, however it can be adapted to other locations. It is believed that we are contributing so that the school knowledge has and makes sense to the student and even that he is successful in his learning.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo traer la discusión sobre los espacios no escolares y sus potencialidades para la enseñanza, como una forma de despertar el interés de nuestros estudiantes para que construyan conocimiento. Creemos que trabajar con estos espacios enriquece el saber escolar y posibilita la comprensión de saberes que no pertenecen específicamente a dominios disciplinarios. Presentaremos una propuesta multidisciplinaria en uno de los parques de la ciudad de Cuiabá en el Estado de Mato Grosso, donde una actividad compuesta por siete estaciones de observación será el escenario de una clase de campo, componiendo un sendero ecológico, sin embargo se puede adaptar a otros lugares. Se cree que estamos contribuyendo para que el conocimiento escolar tenga y tenga sentido para el alumno e incluso que tenga éxito en su aprendizaje.O presente trabalho tem por objetivo trazer a discussão sobre os espaços não escolarizados e seu potencial para o ensino, como forma de despertar o interesse de nossos alunos para que construam conhecimentos. Acreditamos que o trabalho com estes espaços enriquece os saberes escolares e oportuniza a compreensão de conhecimentos que não pertencem especificamente aos domínios disciplinares. Apresentaremos uma proposta multidisciplinar em um dos parques da cidade de Cuiabá no Estado do Mato Grosso, onde uma atividade composta por sete estações de observação, será o cenário de uma aula de campo, compondo uma trilha ecológica, no entanto, ela pode ser adaptada a outros locais. Acredita-se que estejamos contribuindo para que o conhecimento escolar tenha e faça sentido ao estudante e ainda que obtenha êxito em sua aprendizagem.  O presente trabalho tem por objetivo trazer a discussão sobre os espaços não escolarizados e seu potencial para o ensino, como forma de despertar o interesse de nossos alunos para que construam conhecimentos. Acreditamos que o trabalho com estes espaços enriquece os saberes escolares e oportuniza a compreensão de conhecimentos que não pertencem especificamente aos domínios disciplinares. Apresentaremos uma proposta multidisciplinar em um dos parques da cidade de Cuiabá no Estado do Mato Grosso, onde uma atividade composta por sete estações de observação, será o cenário de uma aula de campo, compondo uma trilha ecológica, no entanto, ela pode ser adaptada a outros locais. Acredita-se que estejamos contribuindo para que o conhecimento escolar tenha e faça sentido ao estudante e ainda que obtenha êxito em sua aprendizagem.

Discovery of the Transiting Planet Kepler-5B

We present 44 days of high duty cycle, ultra precise photometry of the 13th magnitude star Kepler-5 (KIC 8191672, T(eff) = 6300 K, log g = 4.1), which exhibits periodic transits with a depth of 0.7%. Detailed modeling of the transit is consistent with a planetary companion with an orbital period of 3.548460 +/- 0.000032 days and a radius of 1.431(-0.052)(+0.041) R(J). Follow-up radial velocity measurements with the Keck HIRES spectrograph on nine separate nights demonstrate that the planet is more than twice as massive as Jupiter with a mass of 2.114(-0.059)(+0.056) M(J) and a mean density of 0.894 +/- 0.079 g cm(-3).NASA's Science Mission DirectorateAstronom

Validation of Kepler's Multiple Planet Candidates. III: Light Curve Analysis & Announcement of Hundreds of New Multi-planet Systems

The Kepler mission has discovered over 2500 exoplanet candidates in the first two years of spacecraft data, with approximately 40% of them in candidate multi-planet systems. The high rate of multiplicity combined with the low rate of identified false-positives indicates that the multiplanet systems contain very few false-positive signals due to other systems not gravitationally bound to the target star (Lissauer, J. J., et al., 2012, ApJ 750, 131). False positives in the multi- planet systems are identified and removed, leaving behind a residual population of candidate multi-planet transiting systems expected to have a false-positive rate less than 1%. We present a sample of 340 planetary systems that contain 851 planets that are validated to substantially better than the 99% confidence level; the vast majority of these have not been previously verified as planets. We expect ~2 unidentified false-positives making our sample of planet very reliable. We present fundamental planetary properties of our sample based on a comprehensive analysis of Kepler light curves and ground-based spectroscopy and high-resolution imaging. Since we do not require spectroscopy or high-resolution imaging for validation, some of our derived parameters for a planetary system may be systematically incorrect due to dilution from light due to additional stars in the photometric aperture. None the less, our result nearly doubles the number of verified exoplanets.Comment: 138 pages, 8 Figures, 5 Tables. Accepted for publications in the Astrophysical Journa